2Geom sync - initial commit

(bzr r14059.2.1)

1 files changed, 3688 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/2geom/coord.cpp b/src/2geom/coord.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ee8066f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/2geom/coord.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,3688 @@
+/** @file
+ * @brief Conversion between Coord and strings
+ *//*
+ * Authors:
+ *   Krzysztof Kosiński <tweenk.pl@gmail.com>
+ * 
+ * Copyright 2014 Authors
+ *
+ * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it either under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation
+ * (the "LGPL") or, at your option, under the terms of the Mozilla
+ * Public License Version 1.1 (the "MPL"). If you do not alter this
+ * notice, a recipient may use your version of this file under either
+ * the MPL or the LGPL.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the LGPL along with this library
+ * in the file COPYING-LGPL-2.1; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ * You should have received a copy of the MPL along with this library
+ * in the file COPYING-MPL-1.1
+ *
+ * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License
+ * Version 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
+ * compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/
+ *
+ * This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY
+ * OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the LGPL or the MPL for
+ * the specific language governing rights and limitations.
+ */
+
+// Most of the code in this file is derived from:
+// https://code.google.com/p/double-conversion/
+// The copyright notice for that code is attached below.
+//
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include <2geom/coord.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <cmath>
+
+#ifndef ASSERT
+#define ASSERT(condition)         \
+    assert(condition);
+#endif
+#ifndef UNIMPLEMENTED
+#define UNIMPLEMENTED() (abort())
+#endif
+#ifndef UNREACHABLE
+#define UNREACHABLE()   (abort())
+#endif
+
+#define UINT64_2PART_C(a, b) (((static_cast<uint64_t>(a) << 32) + 0x##b##u))
+
+#ifndef ARRAY_SIZE
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(a)                                   \
+  ((sizeof(a) / sizeof(*(a))) /                         \
+  static_cast<size_t>(!(sizeof(a) % sizeof(*(a)))))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN
+#define DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName)      \
+  TypeName(const TypeName&);                    \
+  void operator=(const TypeName&)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS
+#define DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(TypeName) \
+  TypeName();                                    \
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_UNUSED __attribute__((unused))
+#else
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_UNUSED
+#endif
+
+namespace Geom {
+
+namespace {
+
+inline int StrLength(const char* string) {
+  size_t length = strlen(string);
+  ASSERT(length == static_cast<size_t>(static_cast<int>(length)));
+  return static_cast<int>(length);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class Vector {
+ public:
+  Vector() : start_(NULL), length_(0) {}
+  Vector(T* data, int length) : start_(data), length_(length) {
+    ASSERT(length == 0 || (length > 0 && data != NULL));
+  }
+
+  Vector<T> SubVector(int from, int to) {
+    ASSERT(to <= length_);
+    ASSERT(from < to);
+    ASSERT(0 <= from);
+    return Vector<T>(start() + from, to - from);
+  }
+  int length() const { return length_; }
+  bool is_empty() const { return length_ == 0; }
+
+  T* start() const { return start_; }
+
+  T& operator[](int index) const {
+    ASSERT(0 <= index && index < length_);
+    return start_[index];
+  }
+  T& first() { return start_[0]; }
+  T& last() { return start_[length_ - 1]; }
+
+ private:
+  T* start_;
+  int length_;
+};
+
+template <class Dest, class Source>
+inline Dest BitCast(const Source& source) {
+  DOUBLE_CONVERSION_UNUSED
+      typedef char VerifySizesAreEqual[sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source) ? 1 : -1];
+  Dest dest;
+  memmove(&dest, &source, sizeof(dest));
+  return dest;
+}
+
+template <class Dest, class Source>
+inline Dest BitCast(Source* source) {
+  return BitCast<Dest>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(source));
+}
+
+// We assume that doubles and uint64_t have the same endianness.
+static uint64_t double_to_uint64(double d) { return BitCast<uint64_t>(d); }
+static double uint64_to_double(uint64_t d64) { return BitCast<double>(d64); }
+
+// This "Do It Yourself Floating Point" class
+class DiyFp {
+ public:
+  static const int kSignificandSize = 64;
+
+  DiyFp() : f_(0), e_(0) {}
+  DiyFp(uint64_t f, int e) : f_(f), e_(e) {}
+
+  void Subtract(const DiyFp& other) {
+    ASSERT(e_ == other.e_);
+    ASSERT(f_ >= other.f_);
+    f_ -= other.f_;
+  }
+
+  static DiyFp Minus(const DiyFp& a, const DiyFp& b) {
+    DiyFp result = a;
+    result.Subtract(b);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  void Multiply(const DiyFp& other) {
+      const uint64_t kM32 = 0xFFFFFFFFU;
+      uint64_t a = f_ >> 32;
+      uint64_t b = f_ & kM32;
+      uint64_t c = other.f_ >> 32;
+      uint64_t d = other.f_ & kM32;
+      uint64_t ac = a * c;
+      uint64_t bc = b * c;
+      uint64_t ad = a * d;
+      uint64_t bd = b * d;
+      uint64_t tmp = (bd >> 32) + (ad & kM32) + (bc & kM32);
+      // By adding 1U << 31 to tmp we round the final result.
+      // Halfway cases will be round up.
+      tmp += 1U << 31;
+      uint64_t result_f = ac + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32) + (tmp >> 32);
+      e_ += other.e_ + 64;
+      f_ = result_f;
+    }
+
+  static DiyFp Times(const DiyFp& a, const DiyFp& b) {
+    DiyFp result = a;
+    result.Multiply(b);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  void Normalize() {
+    ASSERT(f_ != 0);
+    uint64_t f = f_;
+    int e = e_;
+
+    const uint64_t k10MSBits = UINT64_2PART_C(0xFFC00000, 00000000);
+    while ((f & k10MSBits) == 0) {
+      f <<= 10;
+      e -= 10;
+    }
+    while ((f & kUint64MSB) == 0) {
+      f <<= 1;
+      e--;
+    }
+    f_ = f;
+    e_ = e;
+  }
+
+  static DiyFp Normalize(const DiyFp& a) {
+    DiyFp result = a;
+    result.Normalize();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t f() const { return f_; }
+  int e() const { return e_; }
+
+  void set_f(uint64_t new_value) { f_ = new_value; }
+  void set_e(int new_value) { e_ = new_value; }
+
+ private:
+  static const uint64_t kUint64MSB = UINT64_2PART_C(0x80000000, 00000000);
+
+  uint64_t f_;
+  int e_;
+};
+
+class Double {
+ public:
+  static const uint64_t kSignMask = UINT64_2PART_C(0x80000000, 00000000);
+  static const uint64_t kExponentMask = UINT64_2PART_C(0x7FF00000, 00000000);
+  static const uint64_t kSignificandMask = UINT64_2PART_C(0x000FFFFF, FFFFFFFF);
+  static const uint64_t kHiddenBit = UINT64_2PART_C(0x00100000, 00000000);
+  static const int kPhysicalSignificandSize = 52;  // Excludes the hidden bit.
+  static const int kSignificandSize = 53;
+
+  Double() : d64_(0) {}
+  explicit Double(double d) : d64_(double_to_uint64(d)) {}
+  explicit Double(uint64_t d64) : d64_(d64) {}
+  explicit Double(DiyFp diy_fp)
+    : d64_(DiyFpToUint64(diy_fp)) {}
+
+  DiyFp AsDiyFp() const {
+    ASSERT(Sign() > 0);
+    ASSERT(!IsSpecial());
+    return DiyFp(Significand(), Exponent());
+  }
+
+  DiyFp AsNormalizedDiyFp() const {
+    ASSERT(value() > 0.0);
+    uint64_t f = Significand();
+    int e = Exponent();
+
+    // The current double could be a denormal.
+    while ((f & kHiddenBit) == 0) {
+      f <<= 1;
+      e--;
+    }
+    // Do the final shifts in one go.
+    f <<= DiyFp::kSignificandSize - kSignificandSize;
+    e -= DiyFp::kSignificandSize - kSignificandSize;
+    return DiyFp(f, e);
+  }
+
+  uint64_t AsUint64() const {
+    return d64_;
+  }
+
+  double NextDouble() const {
+    if (d64_ == kInfinity) return Double(kInfinity).value();
+    if (Sign() < 0 && Significand() == 0) {
+      // -0.0
+      return 0.0;
+    }
+    if (Sign() < 0) {
+      return Double(d64_ - 1).value();
+    } else {
+      return Double(d64_ + 1).value();
+    }
+  }
+
+  double PreviousDouble() const {
+    if (d64_ == (kInfinity | kSignMask)) return -Double::Infinity();
+    if (Sign() < 0) {
+      return Double(d64_ + 1).value();
+    } else {
+      if (Significand() == 0) return -0.0;
+      return Double(d64_ - 1).value();
+    }
+  }
+
+  int Exponent() const {
+    if (IsDenormal()) return kDenormalExponent;
+
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    int biased_e =
+        static_cast<int>((d64 & kExponentMask) >> kPhysicalSignificandSize);
+    return biased_e - kExponentBias;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t Significand() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    uint64_t significand = d64 & kSignificandMask;
+    if (!IsDenormal()) {
+      return significand + kHiddenBit;
+    } else {
+      return significand;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool IsDenormal() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return (d64 & kExponentMask) == 0;
+  }
+
+  // We consider denormals not to be special.
+  // Hence only Infinity and NaN are special.
+  bool IsSpecial() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return (d64 & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask;
+  }
+
+  bool IsNan() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return ((d64 & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask) &&
+        ((d64 & kSignificandMask) != 0);
+  }
+
+  bool IsInfinite() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return ((d64 & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask) &&
+        ((d64 & kSignificandMask) == 0);
+  }
+
+  int Sign() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return (d64 & kSignMask) == 0? 1: -1;
+  }
+
+  DiyFp UpperBoundary() const {
+    ASSERT(Sign() > 0);
+    return DiyFp(Significand() * 2 + 1, Exponent() - 1);
+  }
+
+  void NormalizedBoundaries(DiyFp* out_m_minus, DiyFp* out_m_plus) const {
+    ASSERT(value() > 0.0);
+    DiyFp v = this->AsDiyFp();
+    DiyFp m_plus = DiyFp::Normalize(DiyFp((v.f() << 1) + 1, v.e() - 1));
+    DiyFp m_minus;
+    if (LowerBoundaryIsCloser()) {
+      m_minus = DiyFp((v.f() << 2) - 1, v.e() - 2);
+    } else {
+      m_minus = DiyFp((v.f() << 1) - 1, v.e() - 1);
+    }
+    m_minus.set_f(m_minus.f() << (m_minus.e() - m_plus.e()));
+    m_minus.set_e(m_plus.e());
+    *out_m_plus = m_plus;
+    *out_m_minus = m_minus;
+  }
+
+  bool LowerBoundaryIsCloser() const {
+    bool physical_significand_is_zero = ((AsUint64() & kSignificandMask) == 0);
+    return physical_significand_is_zero && (Exponent() != kDenormalExponent);
+  }
+
+  double value() const { return uint64_to_double(d64_); }
+
+  static int SignificandSizeForOrderOfMagnitude(int order) {
+    if (order >= (kDenormalExponent + kSignificandSize)) {
+      return kSignificandSize;
+    }
+    if (order <= kDenormalExponent) return 0;
+    return order - kDenormalExponent;
+  }
+
+  static double Infinity() {
+    return Double(kInfinity).value();
+  }
+
+  static double NaN() {
+    return Double(kNaN).value();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static const int kExponentBias = 0x3FF + kPhysicalSignificandSize;
+  static const int kDenormalExponent = -kExponentBias + 1;
+  static const int kMaxExponent = 0x7FF - kExponentBias;
+  static const uint64_t kInfinity = UINT64_2PART_C(0x7FF00000, 00000000);
+  static const uint64_t kNaN = UINT64_2PART_C(0x7FF80000, 00000000);
+
+  const uint64_t d64_;
+
+  static uint64_t DiyFpToUint64(DiyFp diy_fp) {
+    uint64_t significand = diy_fp.f();
+    int exponent = diy_fp.e();
+    while (significand > kHiddenBit + kSignificandMask) {
+      significand >>= 1;
+      exponent++;
+    }
+    if (exponent >= kMaxExponent) {
+      return kInfinity;
+    }
+    if (exponent < kDenormalExponent) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    while (exponent > kDenormalExponent && (significand & kHiddenBit) == 0) {
+      significand <<= 1;
+      exponent--;
+    }
+    uint64_t biased_exponent;
+    if (exponent == kDenormalExponent && (significand & kHiddenBit) == 0) {
+      biased_exponent = 0;
+    } else {
+      biased_exponent = static_cast<uint64_t>(exponent + kExponentBias);
+    }
+    return (significand & kSignificandMask) |
+        (biased_exponent << kPhysicalSignificandSize);
+  }
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Double);
+};
+
+template<typename S>
+static int BitSize(S value) {
+  (void) value;  // Mark variable as used.
+  return 8 * sizeof(value);
+}
+
+class Bignum {
+ public:
+  // 3584 = 128 * 28. We can represent 2^3584 > 10^1000 accurately.
+  // This bignum can encode much bigger numbers, since it contains an
+  // exponent.
+  static const int kMaxSignificantBits = 3584;
+
+  Bignum()
+    : bigits_(bigits_buffer_, kBigitCapacity), used_digits_(0), exponent_(0)
+  {
+    for (int i = 0; i < kBigitCapacity; ++i) {
+      bigits_[i] = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  void AssignUInt16(uint16_t value) {
+    ASSERT(kBigitSize >= BitSize(value));
+    Zero();
+    if (value == 0) return;
+
+    EnsureCapacity(1);
+    bigits_[0] = value;
+    used_digits_ = 1;
+  }
+  void AssignUInt64(uint64_t value) {
+    const int kUInt64Size = 64;
+
+    Zero();
+    if (value == 0) return;
+
+    int needed_bigits = kUInt64Size / kBigitSize + 1;
+    EnsureCapacity(needed_bigits);
+    for (int i = 0; i < needed_bigits; ++i) {
+      bigits_[i] = value & kBigitMask;
+      value = value >> kBigitSize;
+    }
+    used_digits_ = needed_bigits;
+    Clamp();
+  }
+  void AssignBignum(const Bignum& other) {
+    exponent_ = other.exponent_;
+    for (int i = 0; i < other.used_digits_; ++i) {
+      bigits_[i] = other.bigits_[i];
+    }
+    // Clear the excess digits (if there were any).
+    for (int i = other.used_digits_; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+      bigits_[i] = 0;
+    }
+    used_digits_ = other.used_digits_;
+  }
+
+  void AssignDecimalString(Vector<const char> value);
+  void AssignHexString(Vector<const char> value);
+
+  void AssignPowerUInt16(uint16_t base, int exponent);
+
+  void AddUInt16(uint16_t operand);
+  void AddUInt64(uint64_t operand);
+  void AddBignum(const Bignum& other);
+  // Precondition: this >= other.
+  void SubtractBignum(const Bignum& other);
+
+  void Square();
+  void ShiftLeft(int shift_amount);
+  void MultiplyByUInt32(uint32_t factor);
+  void MultiplyByUInt64(uint64_t factor);
+  void MultiplyByPowerOfTen(int exponent);
+  void Times10() { return MultiplyByUInt32(10); }
+  // Pseudocode:
+  //  int result = this / other;
+  //  this = this % other;
+  // In the worst case this function is in O(this/other).
+  uint16_t DivideModuloIntBignum(const Bignum& other);
+
+  bool ToHexString(char* buffer, int buffer_size) const;
+
+  // Returns
+  //  -1 if a < b,
+  //   0 if a == b, and
+  //  +1 if a > b.
+  static int Compare(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b);
+  static bool Equal(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b) {
+    return Compare(a, b) == 0;
+  }
+  static bool LessEqual(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b) {
+    return Compare(a, b) <= 0;
+  }
+  static bool Less(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b) {
+    return Compare(a, b) < 0;
+  }
+  // Returns Compare(a + b, c);
+  static int PlusCompare(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c);
+  // Returns a + b == c
+  static bool PlusEqual(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c) {
+    return PlusCompare(a, b, c) == 0;
+  }
+  // Returns a + b <= c
+  static bool PlusLessEqual(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c) {
+    return PlusCompare(a, b, c) <= 0;
+  }
+  // Returns a + b < c
+  static bool PlusLess(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c) {
+    return PlusCompare(a, b, c) < 0;
+  }
+ private:
+  typedef uint32_t Chunk;
+  typedef uint64_t DoubleChunk;
+
+  static const int kChunkSize = sizeof(Chunk) * 8;
+  static const int kDoubleChunkSize = sizeof(DoubleChunk) * 8;
+  // With bigit size of 28 we loose some bits, but a double still fits easily
+  // into two chunks, and more importantly we can use the Comba multiplication.
+  static const int kBigitSize = 28;
+  static const Chunk kBigitMask = (1 << kBigitSize) - 1;
+  // Every instance allocates kBigitLength chunks on the stack. Bignums cannot
+  // grow. There are no checks if the stack-allocated space is sufficient.
+  static const int kBigitCapacity = kMaxSignificantBits / kBigitSize;
+
+  void EnsureCapacity(int size) {
+    if (size > kBigitCapacity) {
+      UNREACHABLE();
+    }
+  }
+  void Align(const Bignum& other);
+  void Clamp();
+  bool IsClamped() const;
+  void Zero();
+  // Requires this to have enough capacity (no tests done).
+  // Updates used_digits_ if necessary.
+  // shift_amount must be < kBigitSize.
+  void BigitsShiftLeft(int shift_amount);
+  // BigitLength includes the "hidden" digits encoded in the exponent.
+  int BigitLength() const { return used_digits_ + exponent_; }
+  Chunk BigitAt(int index) const;
+  void SubtractTimes(const Bignum& other, int factor);
+
+  Chunk bigits_buffer_[kBigitCapacity];
+  // A vector backed by bigits_buffer_. This way accesses to the array are
+  // checked for out-of-bounds errors.
+  Vector<Chunk> bigits_;
+  int used_digits_;
+  // The Bignum's value equals value(bigits_) * 2^(exponent_ * kBigitSize).
+  int exponent_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Bignum);
+};
+
+static uint64_t ReadUInt64(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                           int from,
+                           int digits_to_read) {
+  uint64_t result = 0;
+  for (int i = from; i < from + digits_to_read; ++i) {
+    int digit = buffer[i] - '0';
+    ASSERT(0 <= digit && digit <= 9);
+    result = result * 10 + digit;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AssignDecimalString(Vector<const char> value) {
+  // 2^64 = 18446744073709551616 > 10^19
+  const int kMaxUint64DecimalDigits = 19;
+  Zero();
+  int length = value.length();
+  int pos = 0;
+  // Let's just say that each digit needs 4 bits.
+  while (length >= kMaxUint64DecimalDigits) {
+    uint64_t digits = ReadUInt64(value, pos, kMaxUint64DecimalDigits);
+    pos += kMaxUint64DecimalDigits;
+    length -= kMaxUint64DecimalDigits;
+    MultiplyByPowerOfTen(kMaxUint64DecimalDigits);
+    AddUInt64(digits);
+  }
+  uint64_t digits = ReadUInt64(value, pos, length);
+  MultiplyByPowerOfTen(length);
+  AddUInt64(digits);
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+static int HexCharValue(char c) {
+  if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') return c - '0';
+  if ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') return 10 + c - 'a';
+  ASSERT('A' <= c && c <= 'F');
+  return 10 + c - 'A';
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AssignHexString(Vector<const char> value) {
+  Zero();
+  int length = value.length();
+
+  int needed_bigits = length * 4 / kBigitSize + 1;
+  EnsureCapacity(needed_bigits);
+  int string_index = length - 1;
+  for (int i = 0; i < needed_bigits - 1; ++i) {
+    // These bigits are guaranteed to be "full".
+    Chunk current_bigit = 0;
+    for (int j = 0; j < kBigitSize / 4; j++) {
+      current_bigit += HexCharValue(value[string_index--]) << (j * 4);
+    }
+    bigits_[i] = current_bigit;
+  }
+  used_digits_ = needed_bigits - 1;
+
+  Chunk most_significant_bigit = 0;  // Could be = 0;
+  for (int j = 0; j <= string_index; ++j) {
+    most_significant_bigit <<= 4;
+    most_significant_bigit += HexCharValue(value[j]);
+  }
+  if (most_significant_bigit != 0) {
+    bigits_[used_digits_] = most_significant_bigit;
+    used_digits_++;
+  }
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AddUInt64(uint64_t operand) {
+  if (operand == 0) return;
+  Bignum other;
+  other.AssignUInt64(operand);
+  AddBignum(other);
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AddBignum(const Bignum& other) {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(other.IsClamped());
+
+  Align(other);
+
+  EnsureCapacity(1 + std::max(BigitLength(), other.BigitLength()) - exponent_);
+  Chunk carry = 0;
+  int bigit_pos = other.exponent_ - exponent_;
+  ASSERT(bigit_pos >= 0);
+  for (int i = 0; i < other.used_digits_; ++i) {
+    Chunk sum = bigits_[bigit_pos] + other.bigits_[i] + carry;
+    bigits_[bigit_pos] = sum & kBigitMask;
+    carry = sum >> kBigitSize;
+    bigit_pos++;
+  }
+
+  while (carry != 0) {
+    Chunk sum = bigits_[bigit_pos] + carry;
+    bigits_[bigit_pos] = sum & kBigitMask;
+    carry = sum >> kBigitSize;
+    bigit_pos++;
+  }
+  used_digits_ = std::max(bigit_pos, used_digits_);
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::SubtractBignum(const Bignum& other) {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(other.IsClamped());
+  // We require this to be bigger than other.
+  ASSERT(LessEqual(other, *this));
+
+  Align(other);
+
+  int offset = other.exponent_ - exponent_;
+  Chunk borrow = 0;
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < other.used_digits_; ++i) {
+    ASSERT((borrow == 0) || (borrow == 1));
+    Chunk difference = bigits_[i + offset] - other.bigits_[i] - borrow;
+    bigits_[i + offset] = difference & kBigitMask;
+    borrow = difference >> (kChunkSize - 1);
+  }
+  while (borrow != 0) {
+    Chunk difference = bigits_[i + offset] - borrow;
+    bigits_[i + offset] = difference & kBigitMask;
+    borrow = difference >> (kChunkSize - 1);
+    ++i;
+  }
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::ShiftLeft(int shift_amount) {
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) return;
+  exponent_ += shift_amount / kBigitSize;
+  int local_shift = shift_amount % kBigitSize;
+  EnsureCapacity(used_digits_ + 1);
+  BigitsShiftLeft(local_shift);
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::MultiplyByUInt32(uint32_t factor) {
+  if (factor == 1) return;
+  if (factor == 0) {
+    Zero();
+    return;
+  }
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) return;
+
+  ASSERT(kDoubleChunkSize >= kBigitSize + 32 + 1);
+  DoubleChunk carry = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    DoubleChunk product = static_cast<DoubleChunk>(factor) * bigits_[i] + carry;
+    bigits_[i] = static_cast<Chunk>(product & kBigitMask);
+    carry = (product >> kBigitSize);
+  }
+  while (carry != 0) {
+    EnsureCapacity(used_digits_ + 1);
+    bigits_[used_digits_] = carry & kBigitMask;
+    used_digits_++;
+    carry >>= kBigitSize;
+  }
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::MultiplyByUInt64(uint64_t factor) {
+  if (factor == 1) return;
+  if (factor == 0) {
+    Zero();
+    return;
+  }
+  ASSERT(kBigitSize < 32);
+  uint64_t carry = 0;
+  uint64_t low = factor & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  uint64_t high = factor >> 32;
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    uint64_t product_low = low * bigits_[i];
+    uint64_t product_high = high * bigits_[i];
+    uint64_t tmp = (carry & kBigitMask) + product_low;
+    bigits_[i] = tmp & kBigitMask;
+    carry = (carry >> kBigitSize) + (tmp >> kBigitSize) +
+        (product_high << (32 - kBigitSize));
+  }
+  while (carry != 0) {
+    EnsureCapacity(used_digits_ + 1);
+    bigits_[used_digits_] = carry & kBigitMask;
+    used_digits_++;
+    carry >>= kBigitSize;
+  }
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::MultiplyByPowerOfTen(int exponent) {
+  const uint64_t kFive27 = UINT64_2PART_C(0x6765c793, fa10079d);
+  const uint16_t kFive1 = 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive2 = kFive1 * 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive3 = kFive2 * 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive4 = kFive3 * 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive5 = kFive4 * 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive6 = kFive5 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive7 = kFive6 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive8 = kFive7 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive9 = kFive8 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive10 = kFive9 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive11 = kFive10 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive12 = kFive11 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive13 = kFive12 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive1_to_12[] =
+      { kFive1, kFive2, kFive3, kFive4, kFive5, kFive6,
+        kFive7, kFive8, kFive9, kFive10, kFive11, kFive12 };
+
+  ASSERT(exponent >= 0);
+  if (exponent == 0) return;
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) return;
+
+  int remaining_exponent = exponent;
+  while (remaining_exponent >= 27) {
+    MultiplyByUInt64(kFive27);
+    remaining_exponent -= 27;
+  }
+  while (remaining_exponent >= 13) {
+    MultiplyByUInt32(kFive13);
+    remaining_exponent -= 13;
+  }
+  if (remaining_exponent > 0) {
+    MultiplyByUInt32(kFive1_to_12[remaining_exponent - 1]);
+  }
+  ShiftLeft(exponent);
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::Square() {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  int product_length = 2 * used_digits_;
+  EnsureCapacity(product_length);
+
+  if ((1 << (2 * (kChunkSize - kBigitSize))) <= used_digits_) {
+    UNIMPLEMENTED();
+  }
+  DoubleChunk accumulator = 0;
+  // First shift the digits so we don't overwrite them.
+  int copy_offset = used_digits_;
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    bigits_[copy_offset + i] = bigits_[i];
+  }
+  // We have two loops to avoid some 'if's in the loop.
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    // Process temporary digit i with power i.
+    // The sum of the two indices must be equal to i.
+    int bigit_index1 = i;
+    int bigit_index2 = 0;
+    // Sum all of the sub-products.
+    while (bigit_index1 >= 0) {
+      Chunk chunk1 = bigits_[copy_offset + bigit_index1];
+      Chunk chunk2 = bigits_[copy_offset + bigit_index2];
+      accumulator += static_cast<DoubleChunk>(chunk1) * chunk2;
+      bigit_index1--;
+      bigit_index2++;
+    }
+    bigits_[i] = static_cast<Chunk>(accumulator) & kBigitMask;
+    accumulator >>= kBigitSize;
+  }
+  for (int i = used_digits_; i < product_length; ++i) {
+    int bigit_index1 = used_digits_ - 1;
+    int bigit_index2 = i - bigit_index1;
+
+    while (bigit_index2 < used_digits_) {
+      Chunk chunk1 = bigits_[copy_offset + bigit_index1];
+      Chunk chunk2 = bigits_[copy_offset + bigit_index2];
+      accumulator += static_cast<DoubleChunk>(chunk1) * chunk2;
+      bigit_index1--;
+      bigit_index2++;
+    }
+    bigits_[i] = static_cast<Chunk>(accumulator) & kBigitMask;
+    accumulator >>= kBigitSize;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(accumulator == 0);
+
+  used_digits_ = product_length;
+  exponent_ *= 2;
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AssignPowerUInt16(uint16_t base, int power_exponent) {
+  ASSERT(base != 0);
+  ASSERT(power_exponent >= 0);
+  if (power_exponent == 0) {
+    AssignUInt16(1);
+    return;
+  }
+  Zero();
+  int shifts = 0;
+
+  while ((base & 1) == 0) {
+    base >>= 1;
+    shifts++;
+  }
+  int bit_size = 0;
+  int tmp_base = base;
+  while (tmp_base != 0) {
+    tmp_base >>= 1;
+    bit_size++;
+  }
+  int final_size = bit_size * power_exponent;
+
+  EnsureCapacity(final_size / kBigitSize + 2);
+
+  // Left to Right exponentiation.
+  int mask = 1;
+  while (power_exponent >= mask) mask <<= 1;
+
+  mask >>= 2;
+  uint64_t this_value = base;
+
+  bool delayed_multipliciation = false;
+  const uint64_t max_32bits = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  while (mask != 0 && this_value <= max_32bits) {
+    this_value = this_value * this_value;
+    // Verify that there is enough space in this_value to perform the
+    // multiplication.  The first bit_size bits must be 0.
+    if ((power_exponent & mask) != 0) {
+      uint64_t base_bits_mask =
+          ~((static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << (64 - bit_size)) - 1);
+      bool high_bits_zero = (this_value & base_bits_mask) == 0;
+      if (high_bits_zero) {
+        this_value *= base;
+      } else {
+        delayed_multipliciation = true;
+      }
+    }
+    mask >>= 1;
+  }
+  AssignUInt64(this_value);
+  if (delayed_multipliciation) {
+    MultiplyByUInt32(base);
+  }
+
+  // Now do the same thing as a bignum.
+  while (mask != 0) {
+    Square();
+    if ((power_exponent & mask) != 0) {
+      MultiplyByUInt32(base);
+    }
+    mask >>= 1;
+  }
+
+  // And finally add the saved shifts.
+  ShiftLeft(shifts * power_exponent);
+}
+
+
+uint16_t Bignum::DivideModuloIntBignum(const Bignum& other) {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(other.IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(other.used_digits_ > 0);
+
+  if (BigitLength() < other.BigitLength()) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  Align(other);
+
+  uint16_t result = 0;
+
+  while (BigitLength() > other.BigitLength()) {
+    ASSERT(other.bigits_[other.used_digits_ - 1] >= ((1 << kBigitSize) / 16));
+    ASSERT(bigits_[used_digits_ - 1] < 0x10000);
+    result += static_cast<uint16_t>(bigits_[used_digits_ - 1]);
+    SubtractTimes(other, bigits_[used_digits_ - 1]);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(BigitLength() == other.BigitLength());
+
+  Chunk this_bigit = bigits_[used_digits_ - 1];
+  Chunk other_bigit = other.bigits_[other.used_digits_ - 1];
+
+  if (other.used_digits_ == 1) {
+    int quotient = this_bigit / other_bigit;
+    bigits_[used_digits_ - 1] = this_bigit - other_bigit * quotient;
+    ASSERT(quotient < 0x10000);
+    result += static_cast<uint16_t>(quotient);
+    Clamp();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  int division_estimate = this_bigit / (other_bigit + 1);
+  ASSERT(division_estimate < 0x10000);
+  result += static_cast<uint16_t>(division_estimate);
+  SubtractTimes(other, division_estimate);
+
+  if (other_bigit * (division_estimate + 1) > this_bigit) {
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  while (LessEqual(other, *this)) {
+    SubtractBignum(other);
+    result++;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+template<typename S>
+static int SizeInHexChars(S number) {
+  ASSERT(number > 0);
+  int result = 0;
+  while (number != 0) {
+    number >>= 4;
+    result++;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+static char HexCharOfValue(int value) {
+  ASSERT(0 <= value && value <= 16);
+  if (value < 10) return static_cast<char>(value + '0');
+  return static_cast<char>(value - 10 + 'A');
+}
+
+
+bool Bignum::ToHexString(char* buffer, int buffer_size) const {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  // Each bigit must be printable as separate hex-character.
+  ASSERT(kBigitSize % 4 == 0);
+  const int kHexCharsPerBigit = kBigitSize / 4;
+
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) {
+    if (buffer_size < 2) return false;
+    buffer[0] = '0';
+    buffer[1] = '\0';
+    return true;
+  }
+  // We add 1 for the terminating '\0' character.
+  int needed_chars = (BigitLength() - 1) * kHexCharsPerBigit +
+      SizeInHexChars(bigits_[used_digits_ - 1]) + 1;
+  if (needed_chars > buffer_size) return false;
+  int string_index = needed_chars - 1;
+  buffer[string_index--] = '\0';
+  for (int i = 0; i < exponent_; ++i) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < kHexCharsPerBigit; ++j) {
+      buffer[string_index--] = '0';
+    }
+  }
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_ - 1; ++i) {
+    Chunk current_bigit = bigits_[i];
+    for (int j = 0; j < kHexCharsPerBigit; ++j) {
+      buffer[string_index--] = HexCharOfValue(current_bigit & 0xF);
+      current_bigit >>= 4;
+    }
+  }
+  // And finally the last bigit.
+  Chunk most_significant_bigit = bigits_[used_digits_ - 1];
+  while (most_significant_bigit != 0) {
+    buffer[string_index--] = HexCharOfValue(most_significant_bigit & 0xF);
+    most_significant_bigit >>= 4;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+Bignum::Chunk Bignum::BigitAt(int index) const {
+  if (index >= BigitLength()) return 0;
+  if (index < exponent_) return 0;
+  return bigits_[index - exponent_];
+}
+
+
+int Bignum::Compare(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b) {
+  ASSERT(a.IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(b.IsClamped());
+  int bigit_length_a = a.BigitLength();
+  int bigit_length_b = b.BigitLength();
+  if (bigit_length_a < bigit_length_b) return -1;
+  if (bigit_length_a > bigit_length_b) return +1;
+  for (int i = bigit_length_a - 1; i >= std::min(a.exponent_, b.exponent_); --i) {
+    Chunk bigit_a = a.BigitAt(i);
+    Chunk bigit_b = b.BigitAt(i);
+    if (bigit_a < bigit_b) return -1;
+    if (bigit_a > bigit_b) return +1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+int Bignum::PlusCompare(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c) {
+  ASSERT(a.IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(b.IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(c.IsClamped());
+  if (a.BigitLength() < b.BigitLength()) {
+    return PlusCompare(b, a, c);
+  }
+  if (a.BigitLength() + 1 < c.BigitLength()) return -1;
+  if (a.BigitLength() > c.BigitLength()) return +1;
+
+  if (a.exponent_ >= b.BigitLength() && a.BigitLength() < c.BigitLength()) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  Chunk borrow = 0;
+  // Starting at min_exponent all digits are == 0. So no need to compare them.
+  int min_exponent = std::min(std::min(a.exponent_, b.exponent_), c.exponent_);
+  for (int i = c.BigitLength() - 1; i >= min_exponent; --i) {
+    Chunk chunk_a = a.BigitAt(i);
+    Chunk chunk_b = b.BigitAt(i);
+    Chunk chunk_c = c.BigitAt(i);
+    Chunk sum = chunk_a + chunk_b;
+    if (sum > chunk_c + borrow) {
+      return +1;
+    } else {
+      borrow = chunk_c + borrow - sum;
+      if (borrow > 1) return -1;
+      borrow <<= kBigitSize;
+    }
+  }
+  if (borrow == 0) return 0;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::Clamp() {
+  while (used_digits_ > 0 && bigits_[used_digits_ - 1] == 0) {
+    used_digits_--;
+  }
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) {
+    // Zero.
+    exponent_ = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+
+bool Bignum::IsClamped() const {
+  return used_digits_ == 0 || bigits_[used_digits_ - 1] != 0;
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::Zero() {
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    bigits_[i] = 0;
+  }
+  used_digits_ = 0;
+  exponent_ = 0;
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::Align(const Bignum& other) {
+  if (exponent_ > other.exponent_) {
+    int zero_digits = exponent_ - other.exponent_;
+    EnsureCapacity(used_digits_ + zero_digits);
+    for (int i = used_digits_ - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      bigits_[i + zero_digits] = bigits_[i];
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < zero_digits; ++i) {
+      bigits_[i] = 0;
+    }
+    used_digits_ += zero_digits;
+    exponent_ -= zero_digits;
+    ASSERT(used_digits_ >= 0);
+    ASSERT(exponent_ >= 0);
+  }
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::BigitsShiftLeft(int shift_amount) {
+  ASSERT(shift_amount < kBigitSize);
+  ASSERT(shift_amount >= 0);
+  Chunk carry = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    Chunk new_carry = bigits_[i] >> (kBigitSize - shift_amount);
+    bigits_[i] = ((bigits_[i] << shift_amount) + carry) & kBigitMask;
+    carry = new_carry;
+  }
+  if (carry != 0) {
+    bigits_[used_digits_] = carry;
+    used_digits_++;
+  }
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::SubtractTimes(const Bignum& other, int factor) {
+  ASSERT(exponent_ <= other.exponent_);
+  if (factor < 3) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < factor; ++i) {
+      SubtractBignum(other);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  Chunk borrow = 0;
+  int exponent_diff = other.exponent_ - exponent_;
+  for (int i = 0; i < other.used_digits_; ++i) {
+    DoubleChunk product = static_cast<DoubleChunk>(factor) * other.bigits_[i];
+    DoubleChunk remove = borrow + product;
+    Chunk difference = bigits_[i + exponent_diff] - (remove & kBigitMask);
+    bigits_[i + exponent_diff] = difference & kBigitMask;
+    borrow = static_cast<Chunk>((difference >> (kChunkSize - 1)) +
+                                (remove >> kBigitSize));
+  }
+  for (int i = other.used_digits_ + exponent_diff; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    if (borrow == 0) return;
+    Chunk difference = bigits_[i] - borrow;
+    bigits_[i] = difference & kBigitMask;
+    borrow = difference >> (kChunkSize - 1);
+  }
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+class PowersOfTenCache {
+public:
+  static const int kDecimalExponentDistance;
+
+  static const int kMinDecimalExponent;
+  static const int kMaxDecimalExponent;
+
+  static void GetCachedPowerForBinaryExponentRange(int min_exponent,
+                                                   int max_exponent,
+                                                   DiyFp* power,
+                                                   int* decimal_exponent);
+
+  static void GetCachedPowerForDecimalExponent(int requested_exponent,
+                                               DiyFp* power,
+                                               int* found_exponent);
+};
+
+struct CachedPower {
+  uint64_t significand;
+  int16_t binary_exponent;
+  int16_t decimal_exponent;
+};
+
+static const CachedPower kCachedPowers[] = {
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xfa8fd5a0, 081c0288), -1220, -348},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbaaee17f, a23ebf76), -1193, -340},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8b16fb20, 3055ac76), -1166, -332},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xcf42894a, 5dce35ea), -1140, -324},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9a6bb0aa, 55653b2d), -1113, -316},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe61acf03, 3d1a45df), -1087, -308},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xab70fe17, c79ac6ca), -1060, -300},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xff77b1fc, bebcdc4f), -1034, -292},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbe5691ef, 416bd60c), -1007, -284},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8dd01fad, 907ffc3c), -980, -276},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd3515c28, 31559a83), -954, -268},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9d71ac8f, ada6c9b5), -927, -260},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xea9c2277, 23ee8bcb), -901, -252},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xaecc4991, 4078536d), -874, -244},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x823c1279, 5db6ce57), -847, -236},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc2109436, 4dfb5637), -821, -228},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9096ea6f, 3848984f), -794, -220},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd77485cb, 25823ac7), -768, -212},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa086cfcd, 97bf97f4), -741, -204},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xef340a98, 172aace5), -715, -196},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb23867fb, 2a35b28e), -688, -188},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x84c8d4df, d2c63f3b), -661, -180},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc5dd4427, 1ad3cdba), -635, -172},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x936b9fce, bb25c996), -608, -164},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xdbac6c24, 7d62a584), -582, -156},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa3ab6658, 0d5fdaf6), -555, -148},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xf3e2f893, dec3f126), -529, -140},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb5b5ada8, aaff80b8), -502, -132},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x87625f05, 6c7c4a8b), -475, -124},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc9bcff60, 34c13053), -449, -116},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x964e858c, 91ba2655), -422, -108},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xdff97724, 70297ebd), -396, -100},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa6dfbd9f, b8e5b88f), -369, -92},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xf8a95fcf, 88747d94), -343, -84},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb9447093, 8fa89bcf), -316, -76},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8a08f0f8, bf0f156b), -289, -68},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xcdb02555, 653131b6), -263, -60},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x993fe2c6, d07b7fac), -236, -52},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe45c10c4, 2a2b3b06), -210, -44},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xaa242499, 697392d3), -183, -36},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xfd87b5f2, 8300ca0e), -157, -28},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbce50864, 92111aeb), -130, -20},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8cbccc09, 6f5088cc), -103, -12},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd1b71758, e219652c), -77, -4},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9c400000, 00000000), -50, 4},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe8d4a510, 00000000), -24, 12},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xad78ebc5, ac620000), 3, 20},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x813f3978, f8940984), 30, 28},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc097ce7b, c90715b3), 56, 36},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8f7e32ce, 7bea5c70), 83, 44},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd5d238a4, abe98068), 109, 52},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9f4f2726, 179a2245), 136, 60},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xed63a231, d4c4fb27), 162, 68},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb0de6538, 8cc8ada8), 189, 76},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x83c7088e, 1aab65db), 216, 84},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc45d1df9, 42711d9a), 242, 92},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x924d692c, a61be758), 269, 100},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xda01ee64, 1a708dea), 295, 108},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa26da399, 9aef774a), 322, 116},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xf209787b, b47d6b85), 348, 124},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb454e4a1, 79dd1877), 375, 132},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x865b8692, 5b9bc5c2), 402, 140},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc83553c5, c8965d3d), 428, 148},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x952ab45c, fa97a0b3), 455, 156},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xde469fbd, 99a05fe3), 481, 164},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa59bc234, db398c25), 508, 172},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xf6c69a72, a3989f5c), 534, 180},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb7dcbf53, 54e9bece), 561, 188},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x88fcf317, f22241e2), 588, 196},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xcc20ce9b, d35c78a5), 614, 204},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x98165af3, 7b2153df), 641, 212},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe2a0b5dc, 971f303a), 667, 220},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa8d9d153, 5ce3b396), 694, 228},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xfb9b7cd9, a4a7443c), 720, 236},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbb764c4c, a7a44410), 747, 244},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8bab8eef, b6409c1a), 774, 252},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd01fef10, a657842c), 800, 260},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9b10a4e5, e9913129), 827, 268},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe7109bfb, a19c0c9d), 853, 276},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xac2820d9, 623bf429), 880, 284},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x80444b5e, 7aa7cf85), 907, 292},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbf21e440, 03acdd2d), 933, 300},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8e679c2f, 5e44ff8f), 960, 308},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd433179d, 9c8cb841), 986, 316},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9e19db92, b4e31ba9), 1013, 324},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xeb96bf6e, badf77d9), 1039, 332},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xaf87023b, 9bf0ee6b), 1066, 340},
+};
+
+static const int kCachedPowersLength = ARRAY_SIZE(kCachedPowers);
+static const int kCachedPowersOffset = 348;  // -1 * the first decimal_exponent.
+static const double kD_1_LOG2_10 = 0.30102999566398114;  //  1 / lg(10)
+// Difference between the decimal exponents in the table above.
+const int PowersOfTenCache::kDecimalExponentDistance = 8;
+const int PowersOfTenCache::kMinDecimalExponent = -348;
+const int PowersOfTenCache::kMaxDecimalExponent = 340;
+
+void PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForBinaryExponentRange(
+    int min_exponent,
+    int max_exponent,
+    DiyFp* power,
+    int* decimal_exponent) {
+  int kQ = DiyFp::kSignificandSize;
+  double k = ceil((min_exponent + kQ - 1) * kD_1_LOG2_10);
+  int foo = kCachedPowersOffset;
+  int index =
+      (foo + static_cast<int>(k) - 1) / kDecimalExponentDistance + 1;
+  ASSERT(0 <= index && index < kCachedPowersLength);
+  CachedPower cached_power = kCachedPowers[index];
+  ASSERT(min_exponent <= cached_power.binary_exponent);
+  (void) max_exponent;  // Mark variable as used.
+  ASSERT(cached_power.binary_exponent <= max_exponent);
+  *decimal_exponent = cached_power.decimal_exponent;
+  *power = DiyFp(cached_power.significand, cached_power.binary_exponent);
+}
+
+
+void PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForDecimalExponent(int requested_exponent,
+                                                        DiyFp* power,
+                                                        int* found_exponent) {
+  ASSERT(kMinDecimalExponent <= requested_exponent);
+  ASSERT(requested_exponent < kMaxDecimalExponent + kDecimalExponentDistance);
+  int index =
+      (requested_exponent + kCachedPowersOffset) / kDecimalExponentDistance;
+  CachedPower cached_power = kCachedPowers[index];
+  *power = DiyFp(cached_power.significand, cached_power.binary_exponent);
+  *found_exponent = cached_power.decimal_exponent;
+  ASSERT(*found_exponent <= requested_exponent);
+  ASSERT(requested_exponent < *found_exponent + kDecimalExponentDistance);
+}
+
+enum BignumDtoaMode {
+  BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST,
+  BIGNUM_DTOA_FIXED,
+  BIGNUM_DTOA_PRECISION
+};
+
+static int NormalizedExponent(uint64_t significand, int exponent) {
+  ASSERT(significand != 0);
+  while ((significand & Double::kHiddenBit) == 0) {
+    significand = significand << 1;
+    exponent = exponent - 1;
+  }
+  return exponent;
+}
+
+static int EstimatePower(int exponent);
+
+static void InitialScaledStartValues(uint64_t significand,
+                                     int exponent,
+                                     bool lower_boundary_is_closer,
+                                     int estimated_power,
+                                     bool need_boundary_deltas,
+                                     Bignum* numerator,
+                                     Bignum* denominator,
+                                     Bignum* delta_minus,
+                                     Bignum* delta_plus);
+
+static void FixupMultiply10(int estimated_power, bool is_even,
+                            int* decimal_point,
+                            Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                            Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus);
+
+static void GenerateShortestDigits(Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                                   Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus,
+                                   bool is_even,
+                                   Vector<char> buffer, int* length);
+
+static void BignumToFixed(int requested_digits, int* decimal_point,
+                          Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                          Vector<char>(buffer), int* length);
+
+static void GenerateCountedDigits(int count, int* decimal_point,
+                                  Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                                  Vector<char>(buffer), int* length);
+
+
+void BignumDtoa(double v, BignumDtoaMode mode, int requested_digits,
+                Vector<char> buffer, int* length, int* decimal_point) {
+  ASSERT(v > 0);
+  ASSERT(!Double(v).IsSpecial());
+  uint64_t significand;
+  int exponent;
+  bool lower_boundary_is_closer;
+
+  significand = Double(v).Significand();
+  exponent = Double(v).Exponent();
+  lower_boundary_is_closer = Double(v).LowerBoundaryIsCloser();
+
+  bool need_boundary_deltas =
+      (mode == BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST);
+
+  bool is_even = (significand & 1) == 0;
+  int normalized_exponent = NormalizedExponent(significand, exponent);
+  // estimated_power might be too low by 1.
+  int estimated_power = EstimatePower(normalized_exponent);
+
+  if (mode == BIGNUM_DTOA_FIXED && -estimated_power - 1 > requested_digits) {
+    buffer[0] = '\0';
+    *length = 0;
+    *decimal_point = -requested_digits;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Bignum numerator;
+  Bignum denominator;
+  Bignum delta_minus;
+  Bignum delta_plus;
+
+  ASSERT(Bignum::kMaxSignificantBits >= 324*4);
+  InitialScaledStartValues(significand, exponent, lower_boundary_is_closer,
+                           estimated_power, need_boundary_deltas,
+                           &numerator, &denominator,
+                           &delta_minus, &delta_plus);
+
+  FixupMultiply10(estimated_power, is_even, decimal_point,
+                  &numerator, &denominator,
+                  &delta_minus, &delta_plus);
+
+  switch (mode) {
+    case BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST:
+      GenerateShortestDigits(&numerator, &denominator,
+                             &delta_minus, &delta_plus,
+                             is_even, buffer, length);
+      break;
+    case BIGNUM_DTOA_FIXED:
+      BignumToFixed(requested_digits, decimal_point,
+                    &numerator, &denominator,
+                    buffer, length);
+      break;
+    case BIGNUM_DTOA_PRECISION:
+      GenerateCountedDigits(requested_digits, decimal_point,
+                            &numerator, &denominator,
+                            buffer, length);
+      break;
+    default:
+      UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+  buffer[*length] = '\0';
+}
+
+static void GenerateShortestDigits(Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                                   Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus,
+                                   bool is_even,
+                                   Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  if (Bignum::Equal(*delta_minus, *delta_plus)) {
+    delta_plus = delta_minus;
+  }
+  *length = 0;
+  for (;;) {
+    uint16_t digit;
+    digit = numerator->DivideModuloIntBignum(*denominator);
+    ASSERT(digit <= 9);
+
+    buffer[(*length)++] = static_cast<char>(digit + '0');
+
+    bool in_delta_room_minus;
+    bool in_delta_room_plus;
+    if (is_even) {
+      in_delta_room_minus = Bignum::LessEqual(*numerator, *delta_minus);
+    } else {
+      in_delta_room_minus = Bignum::Less(*numerator, *delta_minus);
+    }
+    if (is_even) {
+      in_delta_room_plus =
+          Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *delta_plus, *denominator) >= 0;
+    } else {
+      in_delta_room_plus =
+          Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *delta_plus, *denominator) > 0;
+    }
+    if (!in_delta_room_minus && !in_delta_room_plus) {
+      numerator->Times10();
+      delta_minus->Times10();
+
+      if (delta_minus != delta_plus) {
+        delta_plus->Times10();
+      }
+    } else if (in_delta_room_minus && in_delta_room_plus) {
+
+      int compare = Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *numerator, *denominator);
+      if (compare < 0) {
+        // Remaining digits are less than .5. -> Round down (== do nothing).
+      } else if (compare > 0) {
+        // Remaining digits are more than .5 of denominator. -> Round up.
+        ASSERT(buffer[(*length) - 1] != '9');
+        buffer[(*length) - 1]++;
+      } else {
+        if ((buffer[(*length) - 1] - '0') % 2 == 0) {
+          // Round down => Do nothing.
+        } else {
+          ASSERT(buffer[(*length) - 1] != '9');
+          buffer[(*length) - 1]++;
+        }
+      }
+      return;
+    } else if (in_delta_room_minus) {
+      return;
+    } else {  // in_delta_room_plus
+      // Round up
+      ASSERT(buffer[(*length) -1] != '9');
+      buffer[(*length) - 1]++;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void GenerateCountedDigits(int count, int* decimal_point,
+                                  Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                                  Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  ASSERT(count >= 0);
+  for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; ++i) {
+    uint16_t digit;
+    digit = numerator->DivideModuloIntBignum(*denominator);
+    ASSERT(digit <= 9);
+
+    buffer[i] = static_cast<char>(digit + '0');
+    numerator->Times10();
+  }
+
+  uint16_t digit;
+  digit = numerator->DivideModuloIntBignum(*denominator);
+  if (Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *numerator, *denominator) >= 0) {
+    digit++;
+  }
+  ASSERT(digit <= 10);
+  buffer[count - 1] = static_cast<char>(digit + '0');
+
+  for (int i = count - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+    if (buffer[i] != '0' + 10) break;
+    buffer[i] = '0';
+    buffer[i - 1]++;
+  }
+  if (buffer[0] == '0' + 10) {
+    buffer[0] = '1';
+    (*decimal_point)++;
+  }
+  *length = count;
+}
+
+static void BignumToFixed(int requested_digits, int* decimal_point,
+                          Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                          Vector<char>(buffer), int* length)
+{
+  if (-(*decimal_point) > requested_digits) {
+    *decimal_point = -requested_digits;
+    *length = 0;
+    return;
+  } else if (-(*decimal_point) == requested_digits) {
+    ASSERT(*decimal_point == -requested_digits);
+
+    denominator->Times10();
+    if (Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *numerator, *denominator) >= 0) {
+      buffer[0] = '1';
+      *length = 1;
+      (*decimal_point)++;
+    } else {
+      *length = 0;
+    }
+    return;
+  } else {
+    int needed_digits = (*decimal_point) + requested_digits;
+    GenerateCountedDigits(needed_digits, decimal_point,
+                          numerator, denominator,
+                          buffer, length);
+  }
+}
+
+static int EstimatePower(int exponent) {
+  const double k1Log10 = 0.30102999566398114;  // 1/lg(10)
+
+  // For doubles len(f) == 53 (don't forget the hidden bit).
+  const int kSignificandSize = Double::kSignificandSize;
+  double estimate = ceil((exponent + kSignificandSize - 1) * k1Log10 - 1e-10);
+  return static_cast<int>(estimate);
+}
+
+static void InitialScaledStartValuesPositiveExponent(
+    uint64_t significand, int exponent,
+    int estimated_power, bool need_boundary_deltas,
+    Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+    Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus)
+{
+  ASSERT(estimated_power >= 0);
+
+  numerator->AssignUInt64(significand);
+  numerator->ShiftLeft(exponent);
+  denominator->AssignPowerUInt16(10, estimated_power);
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas) {
+    denominator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    numerator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    delta_plus->AssignUInt16(1);
+    delta_plus->ShiftLeft(exponent);
+    delta_minus->AssignUInt16(1);
+    delta_minus->ShiftLeft(exponent);
+  }
+}
+
+static void InitialScaledStartValuesNegativeExponentPositivePower(
+    uint64_t significand, int exponent,
+    int estimated_power, bool need_boundary_deltas,
+    Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+    Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus)
+{
+  numerator->AssignUInt64(significand);
+  denominator->AssignPowerUInt16(10, estimated_power);
+  denominator->ShiftLeft(-exponent);
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas) {
+    denominator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    numerator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    delta_plus->AssignUInt16(1);
+    delta_minus->AssignUInt16(1);
+  }
+}
+
+static void InitialScaledStartValuesNegativeExponentNegativePower(
+    uint64_t significand, int exponent,
+    int estimated_power, bool need_boundary_deltas,
+    Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+    Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus)
+{
+  Bignum* power_ten = numerator;
+  power_ten->AssignPowerUInt16(10, -estimated_power);
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas) {
+    delta_plus->AssignBignum(*power_ten);
+    delta_minus->AssignBignum(*power_ten);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(numerator == power_ten);
+  numerator->MultiplyByUInt64(significand);
+
+  denominator->AssignUInt16(1);
+  denominator->ShiftLeft(-exponent);
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas) {
+    numerator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    denominator->ShiftLeft(1);
+  }
+}
+
+static void InitialScaledStartValues(uint64_t significand,
+                                     int exponent,
+                                     bool lower_boundary_is_closer,
+                                     int estimated_power,
+                                     bool need_boundary_deltas,
+                                     Bignum* numerator,
+                                     Bignum* denominator,
+                                     Bignum* delta_minus,
+                                     Bignum* delta_plus)
+{
+  if (exponent >= 0) {
+    InitialScaledStartValuesPositiveExponent(
+        significand, exponent, estimated_power, need_boundary_deltas,
+        numerator, denominator, delta_minus, delta_plus);
+  } else if (estimated_power >= 0) {
+    InitialScaledStartValuesNegativeExponentPositivePower(
+        significand, exponent, estimated_power, need_boundary_deltas,
+        numerator, denominator, delta_minus, delta_plus);
+  } else {
+    InitialScaledStartValuesNegativeExponentNegativePower(
+        significand, exponent, estimated_power, need_boundary_deltas,
+        numerator, denominator, delta_minus, delta_plus);
+  }
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas && lower_boundary_is_closer) {
+    denominator->ShiftLeft(1);  // *2
+    numerator->ShiftLeft(1);    // *2
+    delta_plus->ShiftLeft(1);   // *2
+  }
+}
+
+static void FixupMultiply10(int estimated_power, bool is_even,
+                            int* decimal_point,
+                            Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                            Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus) {
+  bool in_range;
+  if (is_even) {
+    in_range = Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *delta_plus, *denominator) >= 0;
+  } else {
+    in_range = Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *delta_plus, *denominator) > 0;
+  }
+  if (in_range) {
+    *decimal_point = estimated_power + 1;
+  } else {
+    *decimal_point = estimated_power;
+    numerator->Times10();
+    if (Bignum::Equal(*delta_minus, *delta_plus)) {
+      delta_minus->Times10();
+      delta_plus->AssignBignum(*delta_minus);
+    } else {
+      delta_minus->Times10();
+      delta_plus->Times10();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+enum FastDtoaMode {
+  FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST,
+  FAST_DTOA_PRECISION
+};
+
+static const int kFastDtoaMaximalLength = 17;
+
+bool FastDtoa(double d,
+              FastDtoaMode mode,
+              int requested_digits,
+              Vector<char> buffer,
+              int* length,
+              int* decimal_point);
+
+static const int kMinimalTargetExponent = -60;
+static const int kMaximalTargetExponent = -32;
+
+static bool RoundWeed(Vector<char> buffer, int length,
+                      uint64_t distance_too_high_w, uint64_t unsafe_interval,
+                      uint64_t rest, uint64_t ten_kappa, uint64_t unit)
+{
+  uint64_t small_distance = distance_too_high_w - unit;
+  uint64_t big_distance = distance_too_high_w + unit;
+
+  ASSERT(rest <= unsafe_interval);
+  while (rest < small_distance &&  // Negated condition 1
+         unsafe_interval - rest >= ten_kappa &&  // Negated condition 2
+         (rest + ten_kappa < small_distance ||  // buffer{-1} > w_high
+          small_distance - rest >= rest + ten_kappa - small_distance)) {
+    buffer[length - 1]--;
+    rest += ten_kappa;
+  }
+
+  if (rest < big_distance &&
+      unsafe_interval - rest >= ten_kappa &&
+      (rest + ten_kappa < big_distance ||
+       big_distance - rest > rest + ten_kappa - big_distance)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return (2 * unit <= rest) && (rest <= unsafe_interval - 4 * unit);
+}
+
+static bool RoundWeedCounted(Vector<char> buffer, int length,
+                             uint64_t rest, uint64_t ten_kappa, uint64_t unit,
+                             int* kappa)
+{
+  ASSERT(rest < ten_kappa);
+
+  if (unit >= ten_kappa) return false;
+  if (ten_kappa - unit <= unit) return false;
+  if ((ten_kappa - rest > rest) && (ten_kappa - 2 * rest >= 2 * unit)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if ((rest > unit) && (ten_kappa - (rest - unit) <= (rest - unit))) {
+    buffer[length - 1]++;
+    for (int i = length - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+      if (buffer[i] != '0' + 10) break;
+      buffer[i] = '0';
+      buffer[i - 1]++;
+    }
+    if (buffer[0] == '0' + 10) {
+      buffer[0] = '1';
+      (*kappa) += 1;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+static unsigned int const kSmallPowersOfTen[] =
+    {0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000,
+     1000000000};
+
+static void BiggestPowerTen(uint32_t number,
+                            int number_bits,
+                            uint32_t* power,
+                            int* exponent_plus_one) {
+  ASSERT(number < (1u << (number_bits + 1)));
+
+  int exponent_plus_one_guess = ((number_bits + 1) * 1233 >> 12);
+  exponent_plus_one_guess++;
+
+  if (number < kSmallPowersOfTen[exponent_plus_one_guess]) {
+    exponent_plus_one_guess--;
+  }
+  *power = kSmallPowersOfTen[exponent_plus_one_guess];
+  *exponent_plus_one = exponent_plus_one_guess;
+}
+
+static bool DigitGen(DiyFp low, DiyFp w, DiyFp high, Vector<char> buffer,
+                     int* length, int* kappa)
+{
+  ASSERT(low.e() == w.e() && w.e() == high.e());
+  ASSERT(low.f() + 1 <= high.f() - 1);
+  ASSERT(kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() && w.e() <= kMaximalTargetExponent);
+
+  uint64_t unit = 1;
+  DiyFp too_low = DiyFp(low.f() - unit, low.e());
+  DiyFp too_high = DiyFp(high.f() + unit, high.e());
+  DiyFp unsafe_interval = DiyFp::Minus(too_high, too_low);
+  DiyFp one = DiyFp(static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << -w.e(), w.e());
+
+  uint32_t integrals = static_cast<uint32_t>(too_high.f() >> -one.e());
+  uint64_t fractionals = too_high.f() & (one.f() - 1);
+  uint32_t divisor;
+  int divisor_exponent_plus_one;
+  BiggestPowerTen(integrals, DiyFp::kSignificandSize - (-one.e()),
+                  &divisor, &divisor_exponent_plus_one);
+  *kappa = divisor_exponent_plus_one;
+  *length = 0;
+
+  while (*kappa > 0) {
+    int digit = integrals / divisor;
+    ASSERT(digit <= 9);
+    buffer[*length] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+    (*length)++;
+    integrals %= divisor;
+    (*kappa)--;
+
+    uint64_t rest =
+        (static_cast<uint64_t>(integrals) << -one.e()) + fractionals;
+
+    if (rest < unsafe_interval.f()) {
+      return RoundWeed(buffer, *length, DiyFp::Minus(too_high, w).f(),
+                       unsafe_interval.f(), rest,
+                       static_cast<uint64_t>(divisor) << -one.e(), unit);
+    }
+    divisor /= 10;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(one.e() >= -60);
+  ASSERT(fractionals < one.f());
+  ASSERT(UINT64_2PART_C(0xFFFFFFFF, FFFFFFFF) / 10 >= one.f());
+
+  for (;;) {
+    fractionals *= 10;
+    unit *= 10;
+    unsafe_interval.set_f(unsafe_interval.f() * 10);
+    // Integer division by one.
+    int digit = static_cast<int>(fractionals >> -one.e());
+    ASSERT(digit <= 9);
+    buffer[*length] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+    (*length)++;
+    fractionals &= one.f() - 1;  // Modulo by one.
+    (*kappa)--;
+    if (fractionals < unsafe_interval.f()) {
+      return RoundWeed(buffer, *length, DiyFp::Minus(too_high, w).f() * unit,
+                       unsafe_interval.f(), fractionals, one.f(), unit);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static bool DigitGenCounted(DiyFp w, int requested_digits, Vector<char> buffer,
+                            int* length, int* kappa)
+{
+  ASSERT(kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() && w.e() <= kMaximalTargetExponent);
+  ASSERT(kMinimalTargetExponent >= -60);
+  ASSERT(kMaximalTargetExponent <= -32);
+
+  uint64_t w_error = 1;
+  DiyFp one = DiyFp(static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << -w.e(), w.e());
+  uint32_t integrals = static_cast<uint32_t>(w.f() >> -one.e());
+  uint64_t fractionals = w.f() & (one.f() - 1);
+  uint32_t divisor;
+  int divisor_exponent_plus_one;
+  BiggestPowerTen(integrals, DiyFp::kSignificandSize - (-one.e()),
+                  &divisor, &divisor_exponent_plus_one);
+  *kappa = divisor_exponent_plus_one;
+  *length = 0;
+
+  while (*kappa > 0) {
+    int digit = integrals / divisor;
+    ASSERT(digit <= 9);
+    buffer[*length] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+    (*length)++;
+    requested_digits--;
+    integrals %= divisor;
+    (*kappa)--;
+    if (requested_digits == 0) break;
+    divisor /= 10;
+  }
+
+  if (requested_digits == 0) {
+    uint64_t rest =
+        (static_cast<uint64_t>(integrals) << -one.e()) + fractionals;
+    return RoundWeedCounted(buffer, *length, rest,
+                            static_cast<uint64_t>(divisor) << -one.e(), w_error,
+                            kappa);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(one.e() >= -60);
+  ASSERT(fractionals < one.f());
+  ASSERT(UINT64_2PART_C(0xFFFFFFFF, FFFFFFFF) / 10 >= one.f());
+
+  while (requested_digits > 0 && fractionals > w_error) {
+    fractionals *= 10;
+    w_error *= 10;
+    // Integer division by one.
+    int digit = static_cast<int>(fractionals >> -one.e());
+    ASSERT(digit <= 9);
+    buffer[*length] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+    (*length)++;
+    requested_digits--;
+    fractionals &= one.f() - 1;  // Modulo by one.
+    (*kappa)--;
+  }
+  if (requested_digits != 0) return false;
+  return RoundWeedCounted(buffer, *length, fractionals, one.f(), w_error,
+                          kappa);
+}
+
+static bool Grisu3(double v, FastDtoaMode mode, Vector<char> buffer,
+                   int* length, int* decimal_exponent)
+{
+  DiyFp w = Double(v).AsNormalizedDiyFp();
+  DiyFp boundary_minus, boundary_plus;
+
+  ASSERT(mode == FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST);
+  Double(v).NormalizedBoundaries(&boundary_minus, &boundary_plus);
+
+  ASSERT(boundary_plus.e() == w.e());
+  DiyFp ten_mk;  // Cached power of ten: 10^-k
+  int mk;        // -k
+  int ten_mk_minimal_binary_exponent =
+     kMinimalTargetExponent - (w.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+  int ten_mk_maximal_binary_exponent =
+     kMaximalTargetExponent - (w.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+  PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForBinaryExponentRange(
+      ten_mk_minimal_binary_exponent,
+      ten_mk_maximal_binary_exponent,
+      &ten_mk, &mk);
+
+  ASSERT((kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() + ten_mk.e() +
+          DiyFp::kSignificandSize) &&
+         (kMaximalTargetExponent >= w.e() + ten_mk.e() +
+          DiyFp::kSignificandSize));
+
+  DiyFp scaled_w = DiyFp::Times(w, ten_mk);
+  ASSERT(scaled_w.e() ==
+         boundary_plus.e() + ten_mk.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+
+  DiyFp scaled_boundary_minus = DiyFp::Times(boundary_minus, ten_mk);
+  DiyFp scaled_boundary_plus  = DiyFp::Times(boundary_plus,  ten_mk);
+
+  int kappa;
+  bool result = DigitGen(scaled_boundary_minus, scaled_w, scaled_boundary_plus,
+                         buffer, length, &kappa);
+  *decimal_exponent = -mk + kappa;
+  return result;
+}
+
+static bool Grisu3Counted(double v, int requested_digits, Vector<char> buffer,
+                          int* length, int* decimal_exponent)
+{
+  DiyFp w = Double(v).AsNormalizedDiyFp();
+  DiyFp ten_mk;  // Cached power of ten: 10^-k
+  int mk;        // -k
+  int ten_mk_minimal_binary_exponent =
+     kMinimalTargetExponent - (w.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+  int ten_mk_maximal_binary_exponent =
+     kMaximalTargetExponent - (w.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+  PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForBinaryExponentRange(
+      ten_mk_minimal_binary_exponent,
+      ten_mk_maximal_binary_exponent,
+      &ten_mk, &mk);
+  ASSERT((kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() + ten_mk.e() +
+          DiyFp::kSignificandSize) &&
+         (kMaximalTargetExponent >= w.e() + ten_mk.e() +
+          DiyFp::kSignificandSize));
+
+  DiyFp scaled_w = DiyFp::Times(w, ten_mk);
+
+  int kappa;
+  bool result = DigitGenCounted(scaled_w, requested_digits,
+                                buffer, length, &kappa);
+  *decimal_exponent = -mk + kappa;
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+bool FastDtoa(double v,
+              FastDtoaMode mode,
+              int requested_digits,
+              Vector<char> buffer,
+              int* length,
+              int* decimal_point) {
+  ASSERT(v > 0);
+  ASSERT(!Double(v).IsSpecial());
+
+  bool result = false;
+  int decimal_exponent = 0;
+  switch (mode) {
+    case FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST:
+      result = Grisu3(v, mode, buffer, length, &decimal_exponent);
+      break;
+    case FAST_DTOA_PRECISION:
+      result = Grisu3Counted(v, requested_digits,
+                             buffer, length, &decimal_exponent);
+      break;
+    default:
+      UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+  if (result) {
+    *decimal_point = *length + decimal_exponent;
+    buffer[*length] = '\0';
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+// Represents a 128bit type. This class should be replaced by a native type on
+// platforms that support 128bit integers.
+class UInt128 {
+ public:
+  UInt128() : high_bits_(0), low_bits_(0) { }
+  UInt128(uint64_t high, uint64_t low) : high_bits_(high), low_bits_(low) { }
+
+  void Multiply(uint32_t multiplicand) {
+    uint64_t accumulator;
+
+    accumulator = (low_bits_ & kMask32) * multiplicand;
+    uint32_t part = static_cast<uint32_t>(accumulator & kMask32);
+    accumulator >>= 32;
+    accumulator = accumulator + (low_bits_ >> 32) * multiplicand;
+    low_bits_ = (accumulator << 32) + part;
+    accumulator >>= 32;
+    accumulator = accumulator + (high_bits_ & kMask32) * multiplicand;
+    part = static_cast<uint32_t>(accumulator & kMask32);
+    accumulator >>= 32;
+    accumulator = accumulator + (high_bits_ >> 32) * multiplicand;
+    high_bits_ = (accumulator << 32) + part;
+    ASSERT((accumulator >> 32) == 0);
+  }
+
+  void Shift(int shift_amount) {
+    ASSERT(-64 <= shift_amount && shift_amount <= 64);
+    if (shift_amount == 0) {
+      return;
+    } else if (shift_amount == -64) {
+      high_bits_ = low_bits_;
+      low_bits_ = 0;
+    } else if (shift_amount == 64) {
+      low_bits_ = high_bits_;
+      high_bits_ = 0;
+    } else if (shift_amount <= 0) {
+      high_bits_ <<= -shift_amount;
+      high_bits_ += low_bits_ >> (64 + shift_amount);
+      low_bits_ <<= -shift_amount;
+    } else {
+      low_bits_ >>= shift_amount;
+      low_bits_ += high_bits_ << (64 - shift_amount);
+      high_bits_ >>= shift_amount;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Modifies *this to *this MOD (2^power).
+  // Returns *this DIV (2^power).
+  int DivModPowerOf2(int power) {
+    if (power >= 64) {
+      int result = static_cast<int>(high_bits_ >> (power - 64));
+      high_bits_ -= static_cast<uint64_t>(result) << (power - 64);
+      return result;
+    } else {
+      uint64_t part_low = low_bits_ >> power;
+      uint64_t part_high = high_bits_ << (64 - power);
+      int result = static_cast<int>(part_low + part_high);
+      high_bits_ = 0;
+      low_bits_ -= part_low << power;
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool IsZero() const {
+    return high_bits_ == 0 && low_bits_ == 0;
+  }
+
+  int BitAt(int position) {
+    if (position >= 64) {
+      return static_cast<int>(high_bits_ >> (position - 64)) & 1;
+    } else {
+      return static_cast<int>(low_bits_ >> position) & 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static const uint64_t kMask32 = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  // Value == (high_bits_ << 64) + low_bits_
+  uint64_t high_bits_;
+  uint64_t low_bits_;
+};
+
+
+static const int kDoubleSignificandSize = 53;  // Includes the hidden bit.
+
+
+static void FillDigits32FixedLength(uint32_t number, int requested_length,
+                                    Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  for (int i = requested_length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+    buffer[(*length) + i] = '0' + number % 10;
+    number /= 10;
+  }
+  *length += requested_length;
+}
+
+
+static void FillDigits32(uint32_t number, Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  int number_length = 0;
+  // We fill the digits in reverse order and exchange them afterwards.
+  while (number != 0) {
+    int digit = number % 10;
+    number /= 10;
+    buffer[(*length) + number_length] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+    number_length++;
+  }
+  // Exchange the digits.
+  int i = *length;
+  int j = *length + number_length - 1;
+  while (i < j) {
+    char tmp = buffer[i];
+    buffer[i] = buffer[j];
+    buffer[j] = tmp;
+    i++;
+    j--;
+  }
+  *length += number_length;
+}
+
+
+static void FillDigits64FixedLength(uint64_t number,
+                                    Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  const uint32_t kTen7 = 10000000;
+  // For efficiency cut the number into 3 uint32_t parts, and print those.
+  uint32_t part2 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number % kTen7);
+  number /= kTen7;
+  uint32_t part1 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number % kTen7);
+  uint32_t part0 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number / kTen7);
+
+  FillDigits32FixedLength(part0, 3, buffer, length);
+  FillDigits32FixedLength(part1, 7, buffer, length);
+  FillDigits32FixedLength(part2, 7, buffer, length);
+}
+
+
+static void FillDigits64(uint64_t number, Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  const uint32_t kTen7 = 10000000;
+  // For efficiency cut the number into 3 uint32_t parts, and print those.
+  uint32_t part2 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number % kTen7);
+  number /= kTen7;
+  uint32_t part1 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number % kTen7);
+  uint32_t part0 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number / kTen7);
+
+  if (part0 != 0) {
+    FillDigits32(part0, buffer, length);
+    FillDigits32FixedLength(part1, 7, buffer, length);
+    FillDigits32FixedLength(part2, 7, buffer, length);
+  } else if (part1 != 0) {
+    FillDigits32(part1, buffer, length);
+    FillDigits32FixedLength(part2, 7, buffer, length);
+  } else {
+    FillDigits32(part2, buffer, length);
+  }
+}
+
+
+static void RoundUp(Vector<char> buffer, int* length, int* decimal_point) {
+  // An empty buffer represents 0.
+  if (*length == 0) {
+    buffer[0] = '1';
+    *decimal_point = 1;
+    *length = 1;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  buffer[(*length) - 1]++;
+  for (int i = (*length) - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+    if (buffer[i] != '0' + 10) {
+      return;
+    }
+    buffer[i] = '0';
+    buffer[i - 1]++;
+  }
+
+  if (buffer[0] == '0' + 10) {
+    buffer[0] = '1';
+    (*decimal_point)++;
+  }
+}
+
+static void FillFractionals(uint64_t fractionals, int exponent,
+                            int fractional_count, Vector<char> buffer,
+                            int* length, int* decimal_point)
+{
+  ASSERT(-128 <= exponent && exponent <= 0);
+
+  if (-exponent <= 64) {
+    ASSERT(fractionals >> 56 == 0);
+    int point = -exponent;
+    for (int i = 0; i < fractional_count; ++i) {
+      if (fractionals == 0) break;
+      fractionals *= 5;
+      point--;
+      int digit = static_cast<int>(fractionals >> point);
+      ASSERT(digit <= 9);
+      buffer[*length] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+      (*length)++;
+      fractionals -= static_cast<uint64_t>(digit) << point;
+    }
+
+    if (((fractionals >> (point - 1)) & 1) == 1) {
+      RoundUp(buffer, length, decimal_point);
+    }
+  } else {  // We need 128 bits.
+    ASSERT(64 < -exponent && -exponent <= 128);
+    UInt128 fractionals128 = UInt128(fractionals, 0);
+    fractionals128.Shift(-exponent - 64);
+    int point = 128;
+    for (int i = 0; i < fractional_count; ++i) {
+      if (fractionals128.IsZero()) break;
+      fractionals128.Multiply(5);
+      point--;
+      int digit = fractionals128.DivModPowerOf2(point);
+      ASSERT(digit <= 9);
+      buffer[*length] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+      (*length)++;
+    }
+    if (fractionals128.BitAt(point - 1) == 1) {
+      RoundUp(buffer, length, decimal_point);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+// Removes leading and trailing zeros.
+// If leading zeros are removed then the decimal point position is adjusted.
+static void TrimZeros(Vector<char> buffer, int* length, int* decimal_point) {
+  while (*length > 0 && buffer[(*length) - 1] == '0') {
+    (*length)--;
+  }
+  int first_non_zero = 0;
+  while (first_non_zero < *length && buffer[first_non_zero] == '0') {
+    first_non_zero++;
+  }
+  if (first_non_zero != 0) {
+    for (int i = first_non_zero; i < *length; ++i) {
+      buffer[i - first_non_zero] = buffer[i];
+    }
+    *length -= first_non_zero;
+    *decimal_point -= first_non_zero;
+  }
+}
+
+
+bool FastFixedDtoa(double v,
+                   int fractional_count,
+                   Vector<char> buffer,
+                   int* length,
+                   int* decimal_point) {
+  const uint32_t kMaxUInt32 = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  uint64_t significand = Double(v).Significand();
+  int exponent = Double(v).Exponent();
+
+  if (exponent > 20) return false;
+  if (fractional_count > 20) return false;
+  *length = 0;
+
+  if (exponent + kDoubleSignificandSize > 64) {
+    const uint64_t kFive17 = UINT64_2PART_C(0xB1, A2BC2EC5);  // 5^17
+    uint64_t divisor = kFive17;
+    int divisor_power = 17;
+    uint64_t dividend = significand;
+    uint32_t quotient;
+    uint64_t remainder;
+
+    if (exponent > divisor_power) {
+      dividend <<= exponent - divisor_power;
+      quotient = static_cast<uint32_t>(dividend / divisor);
+      remainder = (dividend % divisor) << divisor_power;
+    } else {
+      divisor <<= divisor_power - exponent;
+      quotient = static_cast<uint32_t>(dividend / divisor);
+      remainder = (dividend % divisor) << exponent;
+    }
+    FillDigits32(quotient, buffer, length);
+    FillDigits64FixedLength(remainder, buffer, length);
+    *decimal_point = *length;
+  } else if (exponent >= 0) {
+    // 0 <= exponent <= 11
+    significand <<= exponent;
+    FillDigits64(significand, buffer, length);
+    *decimal_point = *length;
+  } else if (exponent > -kDoubleSignificandSize) {
+    uint64_t integrals = significand >> -exponent;
+    uint64_t fractionals = significand - (integrals << -exponent);
+    if (integrals > kMaxUInt32) {
+      FillDigits64(integrals, buffer, length);
+    } else {
+      FillDigits32(static_cast<uint32_t>(integrals), buffer, length);
+    }
+    *decimal_point = *length;
+    FillFractionals(fractionals, exponent, fractional_count,
+                    buffer, length, decimal_point);
+  } else if (exponent < -128) {
+    // This configuration (with at most 20 digits) means that all digits must be
+    // 0.
+    ASSERT(fractional_count <= 20);
+    buffer[0] = '\0';
+    *length = 0;
+    *decimal_point = -fractional_count;
+  } else {
+    *decimal_point = 0;
+    FillFractionals(significand, exponent, fractional_count,
+                    buffer, length, decimal_point);
+  }
+  TrimZeros(buffer, length, decimal_point);
+  buffer[*length] = '\0';
+  if ((*length) == 0) {
+    *decimal_point = -fractional_count;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+static const int kMaxExactDoubleIntegerDecimalDigits = 15;
+static const int kMaxUint64DecimalDigits = 19;
+
+static const int kMaxDecimalPower = 309;
+static const int kMinDecimalPower = -324;
+
+// 2^64 = 18446744073709551616
+static const uint64_t kMaxUint64 = UINT64_2PART_C(0xFFFFFFFF, FFFFFFFF);
+static const int kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits = 780;
+
+static Vector<const char> TrimLeadingZeros(Vector<const char> buffer) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < buffer.length(); i++) {
+    if (buffer[i] != '0') {
+      return buffer.SubVector(i, buffer.length());
+    }
+  }
+  return Vector<const char>(buffer.start(), 0);
+}
+
+
+static Vector<const char> TrimTrailingZeros(Vector<const char> buffer) {
+  for (int i = buffer.length() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+    if (buffer[i] != '0') {
+      return buffer.SubVector(0, i + 1);
+    }
+  }
+  return Vector<const char>(buffer.start(), 0);
+}
+
+
+static void CutToMaxSignificantDigits(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                                       int exponent,
+                                       char* significant_buffer,
+                                       int* significant_exponent) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits - 1; ++i) {
+    significant_buffer[i] = buffer[i];
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(buffer[buffer.length() - 1] != '0');
+
+  significant_buffer[kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits - 1] = '1';
+  *significant_exponent =
+      exponent + (buffer.length() - kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits);
+}
+
+static void TrimAndCut(Vector<const char> buffer, int exponent,
+                       char* buffer_copy_space, int space_size,
+                       Vector<const char>* trimmed, int* updated_exponent) {
+  Vector<const char> left_trimmed = TrimLeadingZeros(buffer);
+  Vector<const char> right_trimmed = TrimTrailingZeros(left_trimmed);
+  exponent += left_trimmed.length() - right_trimmed.length();
+  if (right_trimmed.length() > kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits) {
+    (void) space_size;  // Mark variable as used.
+    ASSERT(space_size >= kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits);
+    CutToMaxSignificantDigits(right_trimmed, exponent,
+                              buffer_copy_space, updated_exponent);
+    *trimmed = Vector<const char>(buffer_copy_space,
+                                 kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits);
+  } else {
+    *trimmed = right_trimmed;
+    *updated_exponent = exponent;
+  }
+}
+
+static uint64_t ReadUint64(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                           int* number_of_read_digits) {
+  uint64_t result = 0;
+  int i = 0;
+  while (i < buffer.length() && result <= (kMaxUint64 / 10 - 1)) {
+    int digit = buffer[i++] - '0';
+    ASSERT(0 <= digit && digit <= 9);
+    result = 10 * result + digit;
+  }
+  *number_of_read_digits = i;
+  return result;
+}
+
+static void ReadDiyFp(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                      DiyFp* result,
+                      int* remaining_decimals) {
+  int read_digits;
+  uint64_t significand = ReadUint64(buffer, &read_digits);
+  if (buffer.length() == read_digits) {
+    *result = DiyFp(significand, 0);
+    *remaining_decimals = 0;
+  } else {
+    // Round the significand.
+    if (buffer[read_digits] >= '5') {
+      significand++;
+    }
+    // Compute the binary exponent.
+    int exponent = 0;
+    *result = DiyFp(significand, exponent);
+    *remaining_decimals = buffer.length() - read_digits;
+  }
+}
+
+static DiyFp AdjustmentPowerOfTen(int exponent) {
+  ASSERT(0 < exponent);
+  ASSERT(exponent < PowersOfTenCache::kDecimalExponentDistance);
+  // Simply hardcode the remaining powers for the given decimal exponent
+  // distance.
+  ASSERT(PowersOfTenCache::kDecimalExponentDistance == 8);
+  switch (exponent) {
+    case 1: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xa0000000, 00000000), -60);
+    case 2: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xc8000000, 00000000), -57);
+    case 3: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xfa000000, 00000000), -54);
+    case 4: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0x9c400000, 00000000), -50);
+    case 5: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xc3500000, 00000000), -47);
+    case 6: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xf4240000, 00000000), -44);
+    case 7: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0x98968000, 00000000), -40);
+    default:
+      UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+}
+
+static bool DiyFpStrtod(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                        int exponent,
+                        double* result) {
+  DiyFp input;
+  int remaining_decimals;
+  ReadDiyFp(buffer, &input, &remaining_decimals);
+
+  const int kDenominatorLog = 3;
+  const int kDenominator = 1 << kDenominatorLog;
+  // Move the remaining decimals into the exponent.
+  exponent += remaining_decimals;
+  int error = (remaining_decimals == 0 ? 0 : kDenominator / 2);
+
+  int old_e = input.e();
+  input.Normalize();
+  error <<= old_e - input.e();
+
+  ASSERT(exponent <= PowersOfTenCache::kMaxDecimalExponent);
+  if (exponent < PowersOfTenCache::kMinDecimalExponent) {
+    *result = 0.0;
+    return true;
+  }
+  DiyFp cached_power;
+  int cached_decimal_exponent;
+  PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForDecimalExponent(exponent,
+                                                     &cached_power,
+                                                     &cached_decimal_exponent);
+
+  if (cached_decimal_exponent != exponent) {
+    int adjustment_exponent = exponent - cached_decimal_exponent;
+    DiyFp adjustment_power = AdjustmentPowerOfTen(adjustment_exponent);
+    input.Multiply(adjustment_power);
+    if (kMaxUint64DecimalDigits - buffer.length() >= adjustment_exponent) {
+      // The product of input with the adjustment power fits into a 64 bit
+      // integer.
+      ASSERT(DiyFp::kSignificandSize == 64);
+    } else {
+      // The adjustment power is exact. There is hence only an error of 0.5.
+      error += kDenominator / 2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  input.Multiply(cached_power);
+
+  int error_b = kDenominator / 2;
+  int error_ab = (error == 0 ? 0 : 1);  // We round up to 1.
+  int fixed_error = kDenominator / 2;
+  error += error_b + error_ab + fixed_error;
+
+  old_e = input.e();
+  input.Normalize();
+  error <<= old_e - input.e();
+
+  int order_of_magnitude = DiyFp::kSignificandSize + input.e();
+  int effective_significand_size =
+      Double::SignificandSizeForOrderOfMagnitude(order_of_magnitude);
+  int precision_digits_count =
+      DiyFp::kSignificandSize - effective_significand_size;
+  if (precision_digits_count + kDenominatorLog >= DiyFp::kSignificandSize) {
+    int shift_amount = (precision_digits_count + kDenominatorLog) -
+        DiyFp::kSignificandSize + 1;
+    input.set_f(input.f() >> shift_amount);
+    input.set_e(input.e() + shift_amount);
+    error = (error >> shift_amount) + 1 + kDenominator;
+    precision_digits_count -= shift_amount;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(DiyFp::kSignificandSize == 64);
+  ASSERT(precision_digits_count < 64);
+  uint64_t one64 = 1;
+  uint64_t precision_bits_mask = (one64 << precision_digits_count) - 1;
+  uint64_t precision_bits = input.f() & precision_bits_mask;
+  uint64_t half_way = one64 << (precision_digits_count - 1);
+  precision_bits *= kDenominator;
+  half_way *= kDenominator;
+  DiyFp rounded_input(input.f() >> precision_digits_count,
+                      input.e() + precision_digits_count);
+  if (precision_bits >= half_way + error) {
+    rounded_input.set_f(rounded_input.f() + 1);
+  }
+
+  *result = Double(rounded_input).value();
+  if (half_way - error < precision_bits && precision_bits < half_way + error) {
+    return false;
+  } else {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+static int CompareBufferWithDiyFp(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                                  int exponent,
+                                  DiyFp diy_fp) {
+  ASSERT(buffer.length() + exponent <= kMaxDecimalPower + 1);
+  ASSERT(buffer.length() + exponent > kMinDecimalPower);
+  ASSERT(buffer.length() <= kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits);
+  ASSERT(((kMaxDecimalPower + 1) * 333 / 100) < Bignum::kMaxSignificantBits);
+
+  Bignum buffer_bignum;
+  Bignum diy_fp_bignum;
+  buffer_bignum.AssignDecimalString(buffer);
+  diy_fp_bignum.AssignUInt64(diy_fp.f());
+  if (exponent >= 0) {
+    buffer_bignum.MultiplyByPowerOfTen(exponent);
+  } else {
+    diy_fp_bignum.MultiplyByPowerOfTen(-exponent);
+  }
+  if (diy_fp.e() > 0) {
+    diy_fp_bignum.ShiftLeft(diy_fp.e());
+  } else {
+    buffer_bignum.ShiftLeft(-diy_fp.e());
+  }
+  return Bignum::Compare(buffer_bignum, diy_fp_bignum);
+}
+
+static bool ComputeGuess(Vector<const char> trimmed, int exponent,
+                         double* guess)
+{
+  if (trimmed.length() == 0) {
+    *guess = 0.0;
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (exponent + trimmed.length() - 1 >= kMaxDecimalPower) {
+    *guess = Double::Infinity();
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (exponent + trimmed.length() <= kMinDecimalPower) {
+    *guess = 0.0;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (DiyFpStrtod(trimmed, exponent, guess)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (*guess == Double::Infinity()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+double Strtod(Vector<const char> buffer, int exponent)
+{
+  char copy_buffer[kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits];
+  Vector<const char> trimmed;
+  int updated_exponent;
+  TrimAndCut(buffer, exponent, copy_buffer, kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits,
+             &trimmed, &updated_exponent);
+  exponent = updated_exponent;
+
+  double guess;
+  bool is_correct = ComputeGuess(trimmed, exponent, &guess);
+  if (is_correct) return guess;
+
+  DiyFp upper_boundary = Double(guess).UpperBoundary();
+  int comparison = CompareBufferWithDiyFp(trimmed, exponent, upper_boundary);
+  if (comparison < 0) {
+    return guess;
+  } else if (comparison > 0) {
+    return Double(guess).NextDouble();
+  } else if ((Double(guess).Significand() & 1) == 0) {
+    // Round towards even.
+    return guess;
+  } else {
+    return Double(guess).NextDouble();
+  }
+}
+
+class DoubleToStringConverter {
+public:
+  static const int kMaxFixedDigitsBeforePoint = 60;
+  static const int kMaxFixedDigitsAfterPoint = 60;
+  static const int kMaxExponentialDigits = 120;
+  static const int kMinPrecisionDigits = 1;
+  static const int kMaxPrecisionDigits = 120;
+
+  enum Flags {
+    NO_FLAGS = 0,
+    EMIT_POSITIVE_EXPONENT_SIGN = 1,
+    EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT = 2,
+    EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT = 4,
+    UNIQUE_ZERO = 8
+  };
+
+  DoubleToStringConverter(int flags,
+                          const char* infinity_symbol,
+                          const char* nan_symbol,
+                          char exponent_character,
+                          int decimal_in_shortest_low,
+                          int decimal_in_shortest_high,
+                          int max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode,
+                          int max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode)
+      : flags_(flags),
+        infinity_symbol_(infinity_symbol),
+        nan_symbol_(nan_symbol),
+        exponent_character_(exponent_character),
+        decimal_in_shortest_low_(decimal_in_shortest_low),
+        decimal_in_shortest_high_(decimal_in_shortest_high),
+        max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_(
+            max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode),
+        max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_(
+            max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode) {
+    // When 'trailing zero after the point' is set, then 'trailing point'
+    // must be set too.
+    ASSERT(((flags & EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT) != 0) ||
+        !((flags & EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT) != 0));
+  }
+
+  bool ToShortest(double value, std::string &s) const {
+    return ToShortestIeeeNumber(value, s, SHORTEST);
+  }
+
+  bool ToFixed(double value,
+               int requested_digits,
+               std::string &s) const;
+
+  bool ToExponential(double value,
+                     int requested_digits,
+                     std::string &s) const;
+
+  bool ToPrecision(double value,
+                   int precision,
+                   std::string &s) const;
+
+  enum DtoaMode {
+    SHORTEST,
+    FIXED, // Produce a fixed number of digits after the decimal point
+    PRECISION // Fixed number of digits (independent of the decimal point)
+  };
+
+  static const int kBase10MaximalLength = 17;
+
+  // The result should be interpreted as buffer * 10^(point-length).
+  static void DoubleToAscii(double v,
+                            DtoaMode mode,
+                            int requested_digits,
+                            char* buffer,
+                            int buffer_length,
+                            bool* sign,
+                            int* length,
+                            int* point);
+
+ private:
+  // Implementation for ToShortest.
+  bool ToShortestIeeeNumber(double value,
+                            std::string &s,
+                            DtoaMode mode) const;
+
+  bool HandleSpecialValues(double value, std::string &s) const;
+
+  void CreateExponentialRepresentation(const char* decimal_digits,
+                                       int length,
+                                       int exponent,
+                                       std::string &s) const;
+
+  void CreateDecimalRepresentation(const char* decimal_digits,
+                                   int length,
+                                   int decimal_point,
+                                   int digits_after_point,
+                                   std::string &s) const;
+
+  const int flags_;
+  const char* const infinity_symbol_;
+  const char* const nan_symbol_;
+  const char exponent_character_;
+  const int decimal_in_shortest_low_;
+  const int decimal_in_shortest_high_;
+  const int max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_;
+  const int max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_;
+
+  DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(DoubleToStringConverter);
+};
+
+
+class StringToDoubleConverter {
+ public:
+  enum Flags {
+    NO_FLAGS = 0,
+    ALLOW_HEX = 1,
+    ALLOW_OCTALS = 2,
+    ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK = 4,
+    ALLOW_LEADING_SPACES = 8,
+    ALLOW_TRAILING_SPACES = 16,
+    ALLOW_SPACES_AFTER_SIGN = 32
+  };
+
+  StringToDoubleConverter(int flags,
+                          double empty_string_value,
+                          double junk_string_value,
+                          const char* infinity_symbol,
+                          const char* nan_symbol)
+      : flags_(flags),
+        empty_string_value_(empty_string_value),
+        junk_string_value_(junk_string_value),
+        infinity_symbol_(infinity_symbol),
+        nan_symbol_(nan_symbol) {
+  }
+
+  double StringToDouble(const char* buffer,
+                        int length,
+                        int* processed_characters_count) const;
+
+ private:
+  const int flags_;
+  const double empty_string_value_;
+  const double junk_string_value_;
+  const char* const infinity_symbol_;
+  const char* const nan_symbol_;
+
+  double StringToIeee(const char *start_pointer,
+                      int length,
+                      int* processed_characters_count) const;
+
+  DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(StringToDoubleConverter);
+};
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::HandleSpecialValues(
+    double value,
+    std::string &result) const {
+  Double double_inspect(value);
+  if (double_inspect.IsInfinite()) {
+    if (infinity_symbol_ == NULL) return false;
+    if (value < 0) {
+      result += '-';
+    }
+    result += infinity_symbol_;
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (double_inspect.IsNan()) {
+    if (nan_symbol_ == NULL) return false;
+    result = nan_symbol_;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+
+void DoubleToStringConverter::CreateExponentialRepresentation(
+    const char* decimal_digits,
+    int length,
+    int exponent,
+    std::string &result) const {
+  ASSERT(length != 0);
+  result += decimal_digits[0];
+  if (length != 1) {
+    result += '.';
+    result.append(&decimal_digits[1], length-1);
+  }
+  result += exponent_character_;
+  if (exponent < 0) {
+    result += '-';
+    exponent = -exponent;
+  } else {
+    if ((flags_ & EMIT_POSITIVE_EXPONENT_SIGN) != 0) {
+      result += '+';
+    }
+  }
+  if (exponent == 0) {
+    result += '0';
+    return;
+  }
+  ASSERT(exponent < 1e4);
+  const int kMaxExponentLength = 5;
+  char buffer[kMaxExponentLength + 1];
+  buffer[kMaxExponentLength] = '\0';
+  int first_char_pos = kMaxExponentLength;
+  while (exponent > 0) {
+    buffer[--first_char_pos] = '0' + (exponent % 10);
+    exponent /= 10;
+  }
+  result.append(&buffer[first_char_pos],
+                kMaxExponentLength - first_char_pos);
+}
+
+
+void DoubleToStringConverter::CreateDecimalRepresentation(
+    const char* decimal_digits,
+    int length,
+    int decimal_point,
+    int digits_after_point,
+    std::string &result) const {
+  // Create a representation that is padded with zeros if needed.
+  if (decimal_point <= 0) {
+      // "0.00000decimal_rep".
+    result += '0';
+    if (digits_after_point > 0) {
+      result += '.';
+      result.append(-decimal_point, '0');
+      ASSERT(length <= digits_after_point - (-decimal_point));
+      result.append(decimal_digits, length);
+      int remaining_digits = digits_after_point - (-decimal_point) - length;
+      result.append(remaining_digits, '0');
+    }
+  } else if (decimal_point >= length) {
+    // "decimal_rep0000.00000" or "decimal_rep.0000"
+    result.append(decimal_digits, length);
+    result.append(decimal_point - length, '0');
+    if (digits_after_point > 0) {
+      result += '.';
+      result.append(digits_after_point, '0');
+    }
+  } else {
+    // "decima.l_rep000"
+    ASSERT(digits_after_point > 0);
+    result.append(decimal_digits, decimal_point);
+    result += '.';
+    ASSERT(length - decimal_point <= digits_after_point);
+    result.append(&decimal_digits[decimal_point], length - decimal_point);
+    int remaining_digits = digits_after_point - (length - decimal_point);
+    result.append(remaining_digits, '0');
+  }
+  if (digits_after_point == 0) {
+    if ((flags_ & EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT) != 0) {
+      result += '.';
+    }
+    if ((flags_ & EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT) != 0) {
+      result += '0';
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::ToShortestIeeeNumber(
+    double value,
+    std::string &result,
+    DoubleToStringConverter::DtoaMode mode) const {
+  ASSERT(mode == SHORTEST);
+  if (Double(value).IsSpecial()) {
+    return HandleSpecialValues(value, result);
+  }
+
+  int decimal_point;
+  bool sign;
+  const int kDecimalRepCapacity = kBase10MaximalLength + 1;
+  char decimal_rep[kDecimalRepCapacity];
+  int decimal_rep_length;
+
+  DoubleToAscii(value, mode, 0, decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+
+  bool unique_zero = (flags_ & UNIQUE_ZERO) != 0;
+  if (sign && (value != 0.0 || !unique_zero)) {
+    result += '-';
+  }
+
+  int exponent = decimal_point - 1;
+  if ((decimal_in_shortest_low_ <= exponent) &&
+      (exponent < decimal_in_shortest_high_)) {
+    CreateDecimalRepresentation(decimal_rep, decimal_rep_length, decimal_point,
+                                std::max(0, decimal_rep_length - decimal_point),
+                                result);
+  } else {
+    CreateExponentialRepresentation(decimal_rep, decimal_rep_length, exponent, result);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::ToFixed(double value,
+                                      int requested_digits,
+                                      std::string &result) const
+{
+  ASSERT(kMaxFixedDigitsBeforePoint == 60);
+  const double kFirstNonFixed = 1e60;
+
+  if (Double(value).IsSpecial()) {
+    return HandleSpecialValues(value, result);
+  }
+
+  if (requested_digits > kMaxFixedDigitsAfterPoint) return false;
+  if (value >= kFirstNonFixed || value <= -kFirstNonFixed) return false;
+
+  // Find a sufficiently precise decimal representation of n.
+  int decimal_point;
+  bool sign;
+  // Add space for the '\0' byte.
+  const int kDecimalRepCapacity =
+      kMaxFixedDigitsBeforePoint + kMaxFixedDigitsAfterPoint + 1;
+  char decimal_rep[kDecimalRepCapacity];
+  int decimal_rep_length;
+  DoubleToAscii(value, FIXED, requested_digits,
+                decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+
+  bool unique_zero = ((flags_ & UNIQUE_ZERO) != 0);
+  if (sign && (value != 0.0 || !unique_zero)) {
+    result += '-';
+  }
+
+  CreateDecimalRepresentation(decimal_rep, decimal_rep_length, decimal_point,
+                              requested_digits, result);
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::ToExponential(
+    double value,
+    int requested_digits,
+    std::string &result) const {
+  if (Double(value).IsSpecial()) {
+    return HandleSpecialValues(value, result);
+  }
+
+  if (requested_digits < -1) return false;
+  if (requested_digits > kMaxExponentialDigits) return false;
+
+  int decimal_point;
+  bool sign;
+  // Add space for digit before the decimal point and the '\0' character.
+  const int kDecimalRepCapacity = kMaxExponentialDigits + 2;
+  ASSERT(kDecimalRepCapacity > kBase10MaximalLength);
+  char decimal_rep[kDecimalRepCapacity];
+  int decimal_rep_length;
+
+  if (requested_digits == -1) {
+    DoubleToAscii(value, SHORTEST, 0,
+                  decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                  &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+  } else {
+    DoubleToAscii(value, PRECISION, requested_digits + 1,
+                  decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                  &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+    ASSERT(decimal_rep_length <= requested_digits + 1);
+
+    for (int i = decimal_rep_length; i < requested_digits + 1; ++i) {
+      decimal_rep[i] = '0';
+    }
+    decimal_rep_length = requested_digits + 1;
+  }
+
+  bool unique_zero = ((flags_ & UNIQUE_ZERO) != 0);
+  if (sign && (value != 0.0 || !unique_zero)) {
+    result += '-';
+  }
+
+  int exponent = decimal_point - 1;
+  CreateExponentialRepresentation(decimal_rep,
+                                  decimal_rep_length,
+                                  exponent, result);
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::ToPrecision(double value,
+                                          int precision,
+                                          std::string &result) const {
+  if (Double(value).IsSpecial()) {
+    return HandleSpecialValues(value, result);
+  }
+
+  if (precision < kMinPrecisionDigits || precision > kMaxPrecisionDigits) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Find a sufficiently precise decimal representation of n.
+  int decimal_point;
+  bool sign;
+  // Add one for the terminating null character.
+  const int kDecimalRepCapacity = kMaxPrecisionDigits + 1;
+  char decimal_rep[kDecimalRepCapacity];
+  int decimal_rep_length;
+
+  DoubleToAscii(value, PRECISION, precision,
+                decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+  ASSERT(decimal_rep_length <= precision);
+
+  bool unique_zero = ((flags_ & UNIQUE_ZERO) != 0);
+  if (sign && (value != 0.0 || !unique_zero)) {
+    result += '-';
+  }
+
+  // The exponent if we print the number as x.xxeyyy. That is with the
+  // decimal point after the first digit.
+  int exponent = decimal_point - 1;
+
+  int extra_zero = ((flags_ & EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT) != 0) ? 1 : 0;
+  if ((-decimal_point + 1 > max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_) ||
+      (decimal_point - precision + extra_zero >
+       max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_)) {
+    for (int i = decimal_rep_length; i < precision; ++i) {
+      decimal_rep[i] = '0';
+    }
+
+    CreateExponentialRepresentation(decimal_rep,
+                                    precision,
+                                    exponent,
+                                    result);
+  } else {
+    CreateDecimalRepresentation(decimal_rep, decimal_rep_length, decimal_point,
+                                std::max(0, precision - decimal_point),
+                                result);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+static BignumDtoaMode DtoaToBignumDtoaMode(
+    DoubleToStringConverter::DtoaMode dtoa_mode) {
+  switch (dtoa_mode) {
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::SHORTEST:  return BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST;
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::FIXED:     return BIGNUM_DTOA_FIXED;
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::PRECISION: return BIGNUM_DTOA_PRECISION;
+    default:
+      UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+}
+
+
+void DoubleToStringConverter::DoubleToAscii(double v, DtoaMode mode, int requested_digits,
+                                            char* buffer, int buffer_length,
+                                            bool* sign, int* length, int* point)
+{
+  Vector<char> vector(buffer, buffer_length);
+  ASSERT(!Double(v).IsSpecial());
+  ASSERT(mode == SHORTEST || requested_digits >= 0);
+
+  if (Double(v).Sign() < 0) {
+    *sign = true;
+    v = -v;
+  } else {
+    *sign = false;
+  }
+
+  if (mode == PRECISION && requested_digits == 0) {
+    vector[0] = '\0';
+    *length = 0;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (v == 0) {
+    vector[0] = '0';
+    vector[1] = '\0';
+    *length = 1;
+    *point = 1;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  bool fast_worked;
+  switch (mode) {
+    case SHORTEST:
+      fast_worked = FastDtoa(v, FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST, 0, vector, length, point);
+      break;
+    case FIXED:
+      fast_worked = FastFixedDtoa(v, requested_digits, vector, length, point);
+      break;
+    case PRECISION:
+      fast_worked = FastDtoa(v, FAST_DTOA_PRECISION, requested_digits,
+                             vector, length, point);
+      break;
+    default:
+      fast_worked = false;
+      UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+  if (fast_worked) return;
+
+  // If the fast dtoa didn't succeed use the slower bignum version.
+  BignumDtoaMode bignum_mode = DtoaToBignumDtoaMode(mode);
+  BignumDtoa(v, bignum_mode, requested_digits, vector, length, point);
+  vector[*length] = '\0';
+}
+
+template <class Iterator>
+static bool ConsumeSubString(Iterator* current,
+                             Iterator end,
+                             const char* substring) {
+  ASSERT(**current == *substring);
+  for (substring++; *substring != '\0'; substring++) {
+    ++*current;
+    if (*current == end || **current != *substring) return false;
+  }
+  ++*current;
+  return true;
+}
+
+const int kMaxSignificantDigits = 772;
+
+static const char kWhitespaceTable7[] = { 32, 13, 10, 9, 11, 12 };
+static const int kWhitespaceTable7Length = ARRAY_SIZE(kWhitespaceTable7);
+
+static bool isWhitespace(int x) {
+  if (x < 128) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < kWhitespaceTable7Length; i++) {
+      if (kWhitespaceTable7[i] == x) return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Returns true if a nonspace found and false if the end has reached.
+template <class Iterator>
+static inline bool AdvanceToNonspace(Iterator* current, Iterator end) {
+  while (*current != end) {
+    if (!isWhitespace(**current)) return true;
+    ++*current;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+static bool isDigit(int x, int radix) {
+  return (x >= '0' && x <= '9' && x < '0' + radix)
+      || (radix > 10 && x >= 'a' && x < 'a' + radix - 10)
+      || (radix > 10 && x >= 'A' && x < 'A' + radix - 10);
+}
+
+static double SignedZero(bool sign) {
+  return sign ? -0.0 : 0.0;
+}
+
+static bool IsDecimalDigitForRadix(int c, int radix) {
+  return '0' <= c && c <= '9' && (c - '0') < radix;
+}
+
+static bool IsCharacterDigitForRadix(int c, int radix, char a_character) {
+  return radix > 10 && c >= a_character && c < a_character + radix - 10;
+}
+
+template <int radix_log_2, class Iterator>
+static double RadixStringToIeee(Iterator* current, Iterator end,
+                                bool sign, bool allow_trailing_junk, double junk_string_value,
+                                bool* result_is_junk)
+{
+  ASSERT(*current != end);
+
+  const int kSignificandSize = Double::kSignificandSize;
+
+  *result_is_junk = true;
+
+  // Skip leading 0s.
+  while (**current == '0') {
+    ++(*current);
+    if (*current == end) {
+      *result_is_junk = false;
+      return SignedZero(sign);
+    }
+  }
+
+  int64_t number = 0;
+  int exponent = 0;
+  const int radix = (1 << radix_log_2);
+
+  do {
+    int digit;
+    if (IsDecimalDigitForRadix(**current, radix)) {
+      digit = static_cast<char>(**current) - '0';
+    } else if (IsCharacterDigitForRadix(**current, radix, 'a')) {
+      digit = static_cast<char>(**current) - 'a' + 10;
+    } else if (IsCharacterDigitForRadix(**current, radix, 'A')) {
+      digit = static_cast<char>(**current) - 'A' + 10;
+    } else {
+      if (allow_trailing_junk || !AdvanceToNonspace(current, end)) {
+        break;
+      } else {
+        return junk_string_value;
+      }
+    }
+
+    number = number * radix + digit;
+    int overflow = static_cast<int>(number >> kSignificandSize);
+    if (overflow != 0) {
+      // Overflow occurred. Need to determine which direction to round the
+      // result.
+      int overflow_bits_count = 1;
+      while (overflow > 1) {
+        overflow_bits_count++;
+        overflow >>= 1;
+      }
+
+      int dropped_bits_mask = ((1 << overflow_bits_count) - 1);
+      int dropped_bits = static_cast<int>(number) & dropped_bits_mask;
+      number >>= overflow_bits_count;
+      exponent = overflow_bits_count;
+
+      bool zero_tail = true;
+      for (;;) {
+        ++(*current);
+        if (*current == end || !isDigit(**current, radix)) break;
+        zero_tail = zero_tail && **current == '0';
+        exponent += radix_log_2;
+      }
+
+      if (!allow_trailing_junk && AdvanceToNonspace(current, end)) {
+        return junk_string_value;
+      }
+
+      int middle_value = (1 << (overflow_bits_count - 1));
+      if (dropped_bits > middle_value) {
+        number++;  // Rounding up.
+      } else if (dropped_bits == middle_value) {
+        // Rounding to even to consistency with decimals: half-way case rounds
+        // up if significant part is odd and down otherwise.
+        if ((number & 1) != 0 || !zero_tail) {
+          number++;  // Rounding up.
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Rounding up may cause overflow.
+      if ((number & ((int64_t)1 << kSignificandSize)) != 0) {
+        exponent++;
+        number >>= 1;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    ++(*current);
+  } while (*current != end);
+
+  ASSERT(number < ((int64_t)1 << kSignificandSize));
+  ASSERT(static_cast<int64_t>(static_cast<double>(number)) == number);
+
+  *result_is_junk = false;
+
+  if (exponent == 0) {
+    if (sign) {
+      if (number == 0) return -0.0;
+      number = -number;
+    }
+    return static_cast<double>(number);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(number != 0);
+  return Double(DiyFp(number, exponent)).value();
+}
+
+double StringToDoubleConverter::StringToIeee(
+    const char *input,
+    int length,
+    int* processed_characters_count) const {
+  const char *current = input;
+  const char *end = input + length;
+
+  *processed_characters_count = 0;
+
+  const bool allow_trailing_junk = (flags_ & ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK) != 0;
+  const bool allow_leading_spaces = (flags_ & ALLOW_LEADING_SPACES) != 0;
+  const bool allow_trailing_spaces = (flags_ & ALLOW_TRAILING_SPACES) != 0;
+  const bool allow_spaces_after_sign = (flags_ & ALLOW_SPACES_AFTER_SIGN) != 0;
+
+  if (current == end) return empty_string_value_;
+
+  if (allow_leading_spaces || allow_trailing_spaces) {
+    if (!AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+      *processed_characters_count = static_cast<int>(current - input);
+      return empty_string_value_;
+    }
+    if (!allow_leading_spaces && (input != current)) {
+      return junk_string_value_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const int kBufferSize = kMaxSignificantDigits + 10;
+  char buffer[kBufferSize];  // NOLINT: size is known at compile time.
+  int buffer_pos = 0;
+
+  int exponent = 0;
+  int significant_digits = 0;
+  int insignificant_digits = 0;
+  bool nonzero_digit_dropped = false;
+
+  bool sign = false;
+
+  if (*current == '+' || *current == '-') {
+    sign = (*current == '-');
+    ++current;
+    const char *next_non_space = current;
+
+    if (!AdvanceToNonspace(&next_non_space, end)) return junk_string_value_;
+    if (!allow_spaces_after_sign && (current != next_non_space)) {
+      return junk_string_value_;
+    }
+    current = next_non_space;
+  }
+
+  if (infinity_symbol_ != NULL) {
+    if (*current == infinity_symbol_[0]) {
+      if (!ConsumeSubString(&current, end, infinity_symbol_)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+
+      if (!(allow_trailing_spaces || allow_trailing_junk) && (current != end)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+      if (!allow_trailing_junk && AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+
+      ASSERT(buffer_pos == 0);
+      *processed_characters_count = static_cast<int>(current - input);
+      return sign ? -Double::Infinity() : Double::Infinity();
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (nan_symbol_ != NULL) {
+    if (*current == nan_symbol_[0]) {
+      if (!ConsumeSubString(&current, end, nan_symbol_)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+
+      if (!(allow_trailing_spaces || allow_trailing_junk) && (current != end)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+      if (!allow_trailing_junk && AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+
+      ASSERT(buffer_pos == 0);
+      *processed_characters_count = static_cast<int>(current - input);
+      return sign ? -Double::NaN() : Double::NaN();
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool leading_zero = false;
+  if (*current == '0') {
+    ++current;
+    if (current == end) {
+      *processed_characters_count = static_cast<int>(current - input);
+      return SignedZero(sign);
+    }
+
+    leading_zero = true;
+
+    // It could be hexadecimal value.
+    if ((flags_ & ALLOW_HEX) && (*current == 'x' || *current == 'X')) {
+      ++current;
+      if (current == end || !isDigit(*current, 16)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;  // "0x".
+      }
+
+      bool result_is_junk;
+      double result = RadixStringToIeee<4>(&current,
+                                           end,
+                                           sign,
+                                           allow_trailing_junk,
+                                           junk_string_value_,
+                                           &result_is_junk);
+      if (!result_is_junk) {
+        if (allow_trailing_spaces) AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end);
+        *processed_characters_count = static_cast<int>(current - input);
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    // Ignore leading zeros in the integer part.
+    while (*current == '0') {
+      ++current;
+      if (current == end) {
+        *processed_characters_count = static_cast<int>(current - input);
+        return SignedZero(sign);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool octal = leading_zero && (flags_ & ALLOW_OCTALS) != 0;
+
+  // Copy significant digits of the integer part (if any) to the buffer.
+  while (*current >= '0' && *current <= '9') {
+    if (significant_digits < kMaxSignificantDigits) {
+      ASSERT(buffer_pos < kBufferSize);
+      buffer[buffer_pos++] = static_cast<char>(*current);
+      significant_digits++;
+      // Will later check if it's an octal in the buffer.
+    } else {
+      insignificant_digits++;  // Move the digit into the exponential part.
+      nonzero_digit_dropped = nonzero_digit_dropped || *current != '0';
+    }
+    octal = octal && *current < '8';
+    ++current;
+    if (current == end) goto parsing_done;
+  }
+
+  if (significant_digits == 0) {
+    octal = false;
+  }
+
+  if (*current == '.') {
+    if (octal && !allow_trailing_junk) return junk_string_value_;
+    if (octal) goto parsing_done;
+
+    ++current;
+    if (current == end) {
+      if (significant_digits == 0 && !leading_zero) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      } else {
+        goto parsing_done;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (significant_digits == 0) {
+      // octal = false;
+      // Integer part consists of 0 or is absent. Significant digits start after
+      // leading zeros (if any).
+      while (*current == '0') {
+        ++current;
+        if (current == end) {
+          *processed_characters_count = static_cast<int>(current - input);
+          return SignedZero(sign);
+        }
+        exponent--;  // Move this 0 into the exponent.
+      }
+    }
+
+    // There is a fractional part.
+    // We don't emit a '.', but adjust the exponent instead.
+    while (*current >= '0' && *current <= '9') {
+      if (significant_digits < kMaxSignificantDigits) {
+        ASSERT(buffer_pos < kBufferSize);
+        buffer[buffer_pos++] = static_cast<char>(*current);
+        significant_digits++;
+        exponent--;
+      } else {
+        // Ignore insignificant digits in the fractional part.
+        nonzero_digit_dropped = nonzero_digit_dropped || *current != '0';
+      }
+      ++current;
+      if (current == end) goto parsing_done;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!leading_zero && exponent == 0 && significant_digits == 0) {
+    // If leading_zeros is true then the string contains zeros.
+    // If exponent < 0 then string was [+-]\.0*...
+    // If significant_digits != 0 the string is not equal to 0.
+    // Otherwise there are no digits in the string.
+    return junk_string_value_;
+  }
+
+  // Parse exponential part.
+  if (*current == 'e' || *current == 'E') {
+    if (octal && !allow_trailing_junk) return junk_string_value_;
+    if (octal) goto parsing_done;
+    ++current;
+    if (current == end) {
+      if (allow_trailing_junk) {
+        goto parsing_done;
+      } else {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+    }
+    char sign = '+';
+    if (*current == '+' || *current == '-') {
+      sign = static_cast<char>(*current);
+      ++current;
+      if (current == end) {
+        if (allow_trailing_junk) {
+          goto parsing_done;
+        } else {
+          return junk_string_value_;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (current == end || *current < '0' || *current > '9') {
+      if (allow_trailing_junk) {
+        goto parsing_done;
+      } else {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const int max_exponent = INT_MAX / 2;
+    ASSERT(-max_exponent / 2 <= exponent && exponent <= max_exponent / 2);
+    int num = 0;
+    do {
+      // Check overflow.
+      int digit = *current - '0';
+      if (num >= max_exponent / 10
+          && !(num == max_exponent / 10 && digit <= max_exponent % 10)) {
+        num = max_exponent;
+      } else {
+        num = num * 10 + digit;
+      }
+      ++current;
+    } while (current != end && *current >= '0' && *current <= '9');
+
+    exponent += (sign == '-' ? -num : num);
+  }
+
+  if (!(allow_trailing_spaces || allow_trailing_junk) && (current != end)) {
+    return junk_string_value_;
+  }
+  if (!allow_trailing_junk && AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+    return junk_string_value_;
+  }
+  if (allow_trailing_spaces) {
+    AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end);
+  }
+
+  parsing_done:
+  exponent += insignificant_digits;
+
+  if (octal) {
+    double result;
+    bool result_is_junk;
+    char* start = buffer;
+    result = RadixStringToIeee<3>(&start,
+                                  buffer + buffer_pos,
+                                  sign,
+                                  allow_trailing_junk,
+                                  junk_string_value_,
+                                  &result_is_junk);
+    ASSERT(!result_is_junk);
+    *processed_characters_count = static_cast<int>(current - input);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (nonzero_digit_dropped) {
+    buffer[buffer_pos++] = '1';
+    exponent--;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(buffer_pos < kBufferSize);
+  buffer[buffer_pos] = '\0';
+
+  double converted = Strtod(Vector<const char>(buffer, buffer_pos), exponent);
+  *processed_characters_count = static_cast<int>(current - input);
+  return sign? -converted: converted;
+}
+
+
+double StringToDoubleConverter::StringToDouble(
+    const char* buffer,
+    int length,
+    int* processed_characters_count) const {
+  return StringToIeee(buffer, length, processed_characters_count);
+}
+
+} // end anonymous namespace
+
+std::string format_coord_shortest(Coord x)
+{
+    char buf[20];
+    bool sign;
+    int length, point;
+
+    DoubleToStringConverter::DoubleToAscii(x, DoubleToStringConverter::SHORTEST,
+        0, buf, 20, &sign, &length, &point);
+
+    int exponent = point - length;
+
+    std::string ret;
+    ret.reserve(32);
+
+    if (sign) {
+        ret += '-';
+    }
+
+    if (exponent == 0) {
+        // return digits without any changes
+        ret += buf;
+    } else if (point >= 0 && point <= length) {
+        // insert decimal point
+        ret.append(buf, point);
+        ret += '.';
+        ret.append(&buf[point], length - point);
+    } else if (exponent > 0 && exponent <= 2) {
+        // add trailing zeroes
+        ret += buf;
+        ret.append(exponent, '0');
+    } else if (point >= -3 && point <= -1) {
+        // add leading zeroes
+        ret += '.';
+        ret.append(-point, '0');
+        ret += buf;
+    } else {
+        // exponential form
+        ret += buf;
+        ret += 'e';
+        if (exponent < 0) {
+            ret += '-';
+            exponent = -exponent;
+        }
+
+        /* Convert exponent by hand.
+         * Using ostringstream is ~3x slower */
+        int const buflen = 6;
+        int i = 0;
+        char expdigits[buflen+1];
+        expdigits[buflen] = 0;
+
+        for (; exponent && i < buflen; ++i) {
+            expdigits[buflen - 1 - i] = '0' + (exponent % 10);
+            exponent /= 10;
+        }
+        ret.append(&expdigits[buflen - i]);
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+std::string format_coord_nice(Coord x)
+{
+    static DoubleToStringConverter conv(
+        DoubleToStringConverter::UNIQUE_ZERO,
+        "Inf", "NaN", 'e', -6, 21, 0, 0);
+    std::string ret;
+    ret.reserve(32);
+    conv.ToShortest(x, ret);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+Coord parse_coord(std::string const &s)
+{
+    static StringToDoubleConverter conv(
+        StringToDoubleConverter::ALLOW_LEADING_SPACES |
+        StringToDoubleConverter::ALLOW_TRAILING_SPACES |
+        StringToDoubleConverter::ALLOW_SPACES_AFTER_SIGN,
+        0.0, nan(""), "Inf", "NaN");
+    int dummy;
+    return conv.StringToDouble(s.c_str(), s.length(), &dummy);
+}
+
+} // namespace Geom
+
+/*
+  Local Variables:
+  mode:c++
+  c-file-style:"stroustrup"
+  c-file-offsets:((innamespace . 0)(inline-open . 0)(case-label . +))
+  indent-tabs-mode:nil
+  fill-column:99
+  End:
+*/
+// vim: filetype=cpp:expandtab:shiftwidth=4:tabstop=8:softtabstop=4:encoding=utf-8:textwidth=99 :