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<tspan id="tspan1668" style="letter-spacing:2.1813" fill="#ffffff" dx="0 -0.57057059 0 0 0 0 0">::ФИГУРЫ</tspan>
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<!--Author: bulia byak, buliabyak@users.sf.net-->
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<flowPara >К инструментам фигур относятся инструменты для рисования прямоугольников, эллипсов, звёзд и спиралей. Для начала давайте посмотрим на общие принципы работы с ними, а после ознакомимся с каждым более обстоятельно.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Используйте <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+стрелки</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">колесо мыши</flowSpan> или <flowSpan font-weight="bold">перемещение с нажатой средней клавишей мыши</flowSpan> для просмотра текста. Для получения начальных знаний о создании объектов их выделении и изменении их форм, смотрите урок «Основы» в меню <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Справка > Учебник</flowSpan>.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >У Inkscape есть четыре удобных <flowSpan font-style="italic">инструмента для работы с фигурами</flowSpan>, каждый из которых может создавать или редактировать только собственный тип фигур. Фигура — это объект, изменять который можно разными уникальными для него способами, используя <flowSpan font-style="italic">узлы управления</flowSpan> и числовые <flowSpan font-style="italic">параметры</flowSpan>, которые определяют внешний вид фигуры.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >For example, with a star you can alter the number of tips, their length, angle,
rounding, etc. — but a star remains a star. A shape is “less free” than a simple
path, but it's often more interesting and useful. You can always convert a shape
to a path (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+C</flowSpan>), but the reverse conversion is not possible.
</flowPara>
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<flowPara >К инструментам фигур относятся инструменты для рисования <flowSpan font-style="italic">прямоугольников</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-style="italic">эллипсов</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-style="italic">звёзд</flowSpan> и <flowSpan font-style="italic">спиралей</flowSpan>. Для начала давайте посмотрим на общие принципы работы с ними, а после ознакомимся с каждым более обстоятельно.</flowPara>
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<text style="writing-mode:lr" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="344.888202" x="10" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#000000">
<tspan y="344.888202" x="10">Основные приёмы</tspan>
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<flowPara >A new shape is created by <flowSpan font-weight="bold">drag</flowSpan>ging on canvas with the
corresponding tool. Once the shape is created (and so long as it is
selected), it displays its handles as white diamond, square or round
marks (depending on the tools), so you can immediately edit what you
created by dragging these handles.
</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Все четыре разновидности фигур показывают свои узлы управления с любым из включённых инструментов редактирования фигур, также как и с включённым инструментом редактирования узлов (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">F2</flowSpan>). В момент наведения курсора мыши на один из узлов он (курсор) сообщает вам в строке состояния, что сделает этот узел при его смещении или нажатии по нему с разными модификаторами.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Кроме того, каждая фигура отображает свои параметры в <flowSpan font-style="italic">панели параметров инструмента</flowSpan> (которая находится над холстом). Обычно панель настроек инструмента содержит несколько числовых полей для ввода и кнопку сброса значений в изначальное состояние. Когда фигура выбрана её «родным» инструментом, редактирование значений в панели настроек изменит выбранную фигуру.</flowPara>
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<flowRoot xml:space="preserve" font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
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<flowPara >Любые изменения в параметрах инструмента запоминаются и используются для следующей новой фигуры. Например, если вы измените количество лучей звезды, у всех последующих новых звёзд будет такое же количество лучей. Более того, новые параметры фигур запоминаются глобально для каждой новой сессии работы с Inkscape.</flowPara>
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<flowRegion>
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<flowPara >When in a shape tool, selecting an object can be done by <flowSpan font-weight="bold">click</flowSpan>ing
on it. <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+click</flowSpan> (select in group) and <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+click</flowSpan>
(select under) also work as they do in Selector tool. <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Esc</flowSpan> deselects.
</flowPara>
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<text style="writing-mode:lr" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="696.9246109999999" x="10" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#000000">
<tspan y="696.9246109999999" x="10">Прямоугольники</tspan>
</text>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-style="italic">Прямоугольник</flowSpan> является простейшей, но, возможно, самой распространённой фигурой в дизайне и иллюстрировании. Inkscape пытается сделать создание и редактирование прямоугольников настолько простым и удобным, насколько это вообще возможно.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Переключитесь на инструмент редактирования прямоугольников <flowSpan font-weight="bold">F4</flowSpan> или щёлкните мышью по его значку (синий квадратик слева). Создайте новый прямоугольник рядом с приведённым ниже:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Теперь, не меняя инструмента, переключитесь с одного прямоугольника на другой, щёлкнув мышью по только что созданному.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Горячие клавиши для рисования прямоугольников:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >С нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> рисуется прямоугольник с целочисленным (2:1, 3:1, и т.д.) соотношением сторон.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >С нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan> рисуется прямоугольник вокруг начальной точки, т.е. эта точка используется как центр прямоугольника.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Как видите, выбранный прямоугольник (только что созданный прямоугольник всегда выделен) показывает три управляющих ручки по углам. На самом деле их четыре, но две из них (вверху справа) накладываются друг на друга, если углы прямоугольника не закруглены. Эти две ручки называются <flowSpan font-style="italic">ручками закругления</flowSpan>; другие две (верхний левый и нижний правый) — ручки <flowSpan font-style="italic">изменения размера</flowSpan>.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Сперва обратим внимание на закругляющие ручки. Схватите один из них и потяните вниз — все четыре угла прямоугольника станут закруглёнными, и вы увидите вторую закругляющую ручку, которая стоит на месте в углу. Если вы хотите получить закруглённые углы, то это все, что вам нужно. Если же вы хотите получить закруглённые, но вытянутые в одну или другую сторону углы, вам нужно сдвинуть верхнюю ручку закругления влево.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Первые два прямоугольника, изображённые ниже, имеют круговые закруглённые углы, а другие два — эллиптические закруглённые углы:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >По-прежнему используя инструмент для редактирования прямоугольников, щёлкните мышью по прямоугольникам и обратите внимание на расположение ручек закругления.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Зачастую, радиус закругления у фигуры должен быть постоянным в пределах всего документа, даже если размеры прямоугольников разные (подумайте о диаграмме с закруглёнными прямоугольниками разных размеров). Inkscape позволяет легко решить эту задачу. Переключитесь на инструмент выделения; в его панели настроек есть группа из четырёх кнопок, на второй слева изображены закруглённые углы. Это и есть способ контроля закруглённости углов при изменении размера прямоугольника.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Для наглядности ниже изображён изначальный, красный прямоугольник и его копии с изменёнными пропорциями. Кнопка «При изменении размера прямоугольников менять в той же пропорции и радиус закруглённых углов» в данном случае <flowSpan font-style="italic">выключена</flowSpan>:</flowPara>
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менять в той же пропорции и радиус закруглённых углов»</tspan><tspan id="shapes-f03-ru.svgtspan3164" y="161.89092" x="37.091438" sodipodi:role="line"/></text>
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<flowPara >Обратите внимание: так как размер и форма закруглённых углов одинаковы у всех прямоугольников, угол закругления совпадает в общем для всех фигур в правом верхнем углу. Все голубоватые прямоугольники получены из красного простым изменением его размера посредством инструмента выделения без каких-либо ручных коррекций положения ручек закругления.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Для сравнения ниже приведена такая же композиция, но теперь кнопка «При изменении размера прямоугольников менять в той же пропорции и радиус закруглённых углов» <flowSpan font-style="italic">включена</flowSpan>:</flowPara>
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<text id="shapes-f04-ru.svgtext3168" sodipodi:linespacing="140.00000%" transform="translate(10 1751.7)" line-height="140.00000%" font-size="5.9589" y="145.20508" x="37.091438" font-family="sans-serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="shapes-f04-ru.svgtspan3169" y="145.20508" x="37.091438" sodipodi:role="line">Изменение размера закруглённых прямоугольников</tspan><tspan id="shapes-f04-ru.svgtspan3171" y="153.54750" x="37.091438" sodipodi:role="line">с включённым режимом «При изменении размера прямоугольников
менять в той же пропорции и радиус закруглённых углов»</tspan><tspan id="shapes-f04-ru.svgtspan3173" y="161.88993" x="37.091438" sodipodi:role="line"/></text>
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<flowPara >Теперь закруглённые углы так же различны, как и прямоугольники, которым они принадлежат, а в верхнем правом углу заметно несоответствие углов (увеличьте для наглядности). Это внешне схожий результат, как если бы вы преобразовали исходный прямоугольник в контур (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Shift+C</flowSpan>) и меняли его размер.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Ниже приведены горячие клавиши для ручек закругления прямоугольника:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Тяните ручку с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan>, чтобы получить кругоподобное закругление (узлы движутся синхронно).</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+щелчок</flowSpan> по узлу даст тот же эффект без смещения ручки.</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке сбрасывает закругление.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Вы могли обратить внимание на то, что панель настроек инструмента редактирования прямоугольников отображает радиус закругления угла по горизонтали (<flowSpan font-style="italic">Rx</flowSpan>) и вертикали(<flowSpan font-style="italic">Ry</flowSpan>) для выбранного прямоугольника и позволяет установить точное значение. Кнопка «<flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Не закруглён</flowSpan>» делает то, что обещает: сбрасывает закругления у выбранного прямоугольника.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Преимущество этих регуляторов заключается в том, что ими можно менять параметры многих прямоугольников одновременно. Например, если вы хотите изменить все прямоугольники слоя, просто нажмите <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+A</flowSpan> («<flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Выбрать всё</flowSpan>») и укажите нужные параметры в панели параметров инструмента. Если в выделение попали фигуры, не являющиеся прямоугольниками, эти фигуры будут просто проигнорированы.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Теперь обратим внимание на узлы изменения размера прямоугольника. Вы можете спросить, зачем они нужны, если можно менять размер прямоугольника с помощью инструмента выделения.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Проблема использования инструмента выделения состоит в том, что понятие горизонтали и вертикали всегда такое же, как у документа. А вот у инструмента редактирования прямоугольников, напротив, изменение размера соответствующими ручками происходит всегда <flowSpan font-style="italic">вдоль сторон прямоугольника</flowSpan>. Для наглядности попробуйте изменить размер прямоугольника инструментом выделения, а после — при помощи его ручек, используя инструмент редактирования прямоугольников:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Так как ручек, меняющих размер, две, вы можете менять размер прямоугольника в любом направлении. Ручки управления всегда сохраняют угол закругления.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Ниже приведены горячие клавиши для управляющих ручек, меняющих размер:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Тяните ручку с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> чтобы растянуть прямоугольник в сторону или по диагонали. Другими словами, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> сохраняет соотношение ширины, высоты или ширины/высоты прямоугольника (в его собственной системе координат, которая может быть сжата или скошена).</flowPara>
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<flowPara >На приведённом ниже примере изображён прямоугольник с серыми пунктирными линиями, показывающими направления, по которым будут двигаться ручки, меняющие размер с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> (попробуйте):</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Из скошенных, повёрнутых, с изменённым при помощи ручек прямоугольников размером, можно легко создать трёхмерную композицию:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Вот ещё несколько примеров композиций, созданных из прямоугольников, как с закруглением, так и с градиентной заливкой:</flowPara>
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<tspan y="3163.8346082000007" x="10">Эллипсы</tspan>
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<flowPara >Инструмент для редактирования эллипсов («Рисовать круги, эллипсы и дуги» <flowSpan font-weight="bold">F5</flowSpan>) может создавать эллипсы и круги, которые вы можете превращать в сегменты или дуги. Горячие клавиши такие же, как и у инструмента редактирования прямоугольников:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >С нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> рисуется круг или эллипс с целочисленным соотношением сторон прямоугольника в который вписывается эллипс (2:1, 3:1 и т.д.).</flowPara>
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<flowPara >С нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan> рисуется прямоугольник вокруг начальной точки, т.е. эта точка используется как центр прямоугольника.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Давайте исследуем ручки эллипса. Выберите красный эллипс:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Как и в случае с прямоугольником, изначально вы видите только три ручки, хотя на самом деле их четыре. Под правой ручкой скрыта ещё одна, позволяющая «открыть» эллипс. Потяните немного правую ручку, затем потяните появившуюся, скрытую ранее ручку управления, чтобы получить разные варианты сегментов или дуг:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Чтобы получить <flowSpan font-style="italic">сегмент</flowSpan>, потяните ручку <flowSpan font-style="italic">вне</flowSpan> эллипса, а для получения <flowSpan font-style="italic">дуги</flowSpan> — <flowSpan font-style="italic">внутри</flowSpan> его. На верхнем примере 4 сегмента слева и 3 дуги справа. Дуги — это незакрытые фигуры, т.е. обводка идёт вдоль эллипса, но не соединена в концах дуги. Вы можете сделать это более наглядным, убрав заливку и оставив только обводку:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Обратите внимание на веероподобную группу сегментов слева. Их легко было создать, потянув за <flowSpan font-style="italic">узел</flowSpan> с нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan>. Ниже приведены горячие клавиши для узлов дуги/сегмента:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >С нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> узел смещается ступенчато, шагами по 15 градусов.</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке сделает эллипс целым (не дугой или сегментом).</flowPara>
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<flowPara >The snap angle can be changed in Inkscape Preferences (in <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Behavior > Steps</flowSpan>).
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<flowPara >Другие две ручки в эллипсе используются для изменения размера вокруг центра. Их горячие клавиши схожи с клавишами ручек, закругляющих прямоугольник:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Потяните с нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan>, чтобы получить круг (сделать радиусы равными между собой).</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+щелчок</flowSpan> преобразует эллипс в круг без необходимости в смещении.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Как и у прямоугольника, ручки управления, меняющие размер, регулируют ширину и высоту в <flowSpan font-style="italic">собственных координатах эллипса</flowSpan>. Это значит, что сплюснутый или повёрнутый эллипс может быть вытянут или сжат по линии собственных осей, оставаясь сплюснутым или повёрнутым. Попробуйте изменить размер этих эллипсов при помощи ручек, меняющих размер:</flowPara>
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<tspan y="4132.334021400001" x="10">Звёзды</tspan>
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<flowPara >Звёзды — наиболее сложные и захватывающие фигуры в Inkscape. Если вы хотите поразить своих друзей, дайте им поиграться с инструментом, создающим звёзды. Это очень увлекательно, настолько, что может появиться зависимость!</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Инструмент для создания и редактирования звёзд может создавать два типа объектов: звёзды и многоугольники. Звезда содержит два узла управления, которые определяют длину и форму лучей. Многоугольник содержит только одну ручку управления, которая просто поворачивает или меняет его тогда, когда за эту ручку тянут:</flowPara>
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<flowRoot xml:space="preserve" id="shapes-f13-ru.svgflowRoot2703" style="text-anchor:middle;text-align:center" transform="translate(104.63 -.59495)" font-size="6px" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#000000"><flowRegion id="shapes-f13-ru.svgflowRegion2705"><rect id="shapes-f13-ru.svgrect2707" height="15" width="57.5" y="-.13782" x="59.643"/></flowRegion><flowPara id="shapes-f13-ru.svgflowPara2709">Многоугольник</flowPara></flowRoot>
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<flowPara >In the Controls bar of the Star tool, the first two buttons control how the shape is
drawn (regular polygon or star). Next, a numeric field sets the <flowSpan font-style="italic">number of
vertices</flowSpan> of a star or polygon. This parameter is only editable via the
Controls bar. The allowed range is from 3 (obviously) to 1024, but you shouldn't try
large numbers (say, over 200) if your computer is slow.
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<flowPara >Когда рисуете новую звезду или многоугольник:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Нажатый <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> даст пошаговый поворот (по 15 градусов).</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Конечно, звезда — наиболее интересная фигура (хотя многоугольники зачастую более полезны на практике). Две управляющих ручки звезды немного отличаются по своим функциям. Первая ручка (изначально она на <flowSpan font-style="italic">кончике</flowSpan> острия) делает лучи звезды длиннее или короче, но когда вы поворачиваете её (относительно центра фигуры), другая ручка тоже поворачивается. Это значит, что вы не можете наклонить лучи звезды, используя эту ручку.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Другая ручка (изначально она находится во <flowSpan font-style="italic">впадине</flowSpan> угла между двумя остриями), напротив, свободна в лучевых и поверхностных движениях без воздействия на вторую ручку. На самом деле, эта ручка сама может стать вершиной, будучи смещённой дальше другой от центра звезды. Эта ручка может наклонять кончики звезды, результатом чего станут разновидности кристаллов, мандал, снежинок и дикообразов:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Если хотите получить обычную правильную звезду без лишних завихрений, вы можете заставить скашивающую ручку стать нескашивающей:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Потяните за ручку с нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan>, чтобы сохранить лучи звезды строго лучеобразными (без искажений).</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке убирает искажения без смещения ручки.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Полезным дополнением к управляющим ручкам фигуры на холсте является поле «<flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Отношение радиусов</flowSpan>» в панели параметров инструмента, которое задаёт отношение двух управляющих ручек к центру.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >В качестве полезного дополнения, в панели управления есть поле Отношение радиусов, которое определяет отношение расстояний от ручек до центра. У звёзд в Inkscape есть ещё две хитрости в запасе. В геометрии многоугольник — фигура с прямыми линиями и резкими углами. В реальности же разные виды криволинейности и закруглённости — нормальное явление, и Inkscape позволяет получить подобные эффекты. Закругление звезды или многоугольника получается немного иначе, чем закругление у прямоугольников. Вам не нужно использовать отдельную ручку для этого, но</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+смещение</flowSpan> узла по касательной даст округление звезды или многоугольника.</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке сбросит закругление.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >«Касательно» — значит в направлении, перпендикулярном центру. Если вы «повернёте» ручку с нажатой клавишей Shift против часовой стрелки вокруг центра, то получите положительное закругление; поворот по часовой даст отрицательное закругление (смотрите далее примеры отрицательного закругления).</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Ниже приведено сравнение закруглённого прямоугольника (с использованием инструмента создания и правки прямоугольников) с закруглённым четырёхконечным многоугольником (с использованием инструмента создания звёзд и многоугольников):</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Как вы можете видеть, у закруглённого прямоугольника есть части из прямых линий и части c закруглением; закруглённый же многоугольник или звезда не имеют прямых линий вообще, кривизна мягко переходит от максимальной (в углах) к минимальной (в середине между углами). Inkscape делает это путём добавления коллинеарных касательных Безье к каждому узлу фигуры (вы можете увидеть их, если преобразуете фигуру в контур и проверите его инструментом редактирования узлов).</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Параметр <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Закругление</flowSpan>, который вы можете регулировать в панели управления — это отношение длины касательной к примыкающей длине стороны многоугольника/звезды. Этот параметр может быть отрицательным, что перевернёт направление касательных. Значение между 0,2 и 0,4 даёт «нормальное» закругление, такое, которое вы могли ожидать; другие значения могут создать прекрасные, запутанные и полностью непредсказуемые образцы. Звезда с большим значением закруглённости может уйти очень далеко от ручек. Ниже приведены некоторые примеры с указанными значениями закругления:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Если вы хотите чтобы кончики звезды были острыми, а впадины — гладкими, или наоборот, этого легко добиться, создав <flowSpan font-style="italic">втяжку</flowSpan> звезды (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+J</flowSpan>):</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+смещение</flowSpan> ручек звезды в Inkscape — одно из прекраснейших занятий, известных человечеству. Но оно может стать ещё лучше.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Для более близкой имитации фигур из реального мира Inkscape может искажать <flowSpan font-style="italic">случайным</flowSpan> образом звёзды и многоугольники. Незначительное искажение такого рода делает звезду менее правильной и более «человечной», чаще забавной; сильное искажение случайным образом — это путь к получению разнообразных сумасшедших непредсказуемых фигур. Закруглённая звезда остаётся слегка закруглённой после искажения случайным образом. Вот горячие клавиши:</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+перемещение</flowSpan> ручки по касательной искажает звезду или многоугольник случайным образом.</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке сбрасывает искажение.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Когда будете смещать ручку звезды, подвергшейся эффекту «случайности», она будет дрожать, так как каждый шаг ручки соответствует собственному уникальному значению случайности. Смещение ручки звезды без нажатой клавиши <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt</flowSpan> ещё раз применяет эффект случайности к фигуре с тем же уровнем случайности, в то время как Alt-смещение сохраняет искажение, но корректирует уровень. Ниже приведены звёзды с одинаковыми параметрами, но к каждой из них применён эффект случайности путём небольшого сдвига их ручек (уровень случайности везде равен 0,1):</flowPara>
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<flowPara >А тут средняя звезда из предыдущего примера, но уже с переменным уровнем искажения от -0,2 до 0,2:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Сместите ручку средней звезды в ряду при помощи <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> и понаблюдайте, как звезда превращается в своих соседей справа и слева.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Вероятно, вы найдёте собственное применение звёздам, искажённым случайным образом, но я использую их для закруглённых амёбовидных клякс и огромных грубых планет с фантастической поверхностью:</flowPara>
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<text style="writing-mode:lr" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="6674.370462600002" x="10" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#000000">
<tspan y="6674.370462600002" x="10">Спирали</tspan>
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<flowPara >Спираль в Inkscape —это многосторонняя форма, возможно, не такая полезная как звезда, но и она, при необходимости, может стать очень полезной. Спираль, как и звезда, рисуется от центра; и рисуется, и редактируется.</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+смещение</flowSpan> даст шаги смещения в 15 градусов (по умолчанию).</flowPara>
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<flowPara >У нарисованной спирали есть две ручки: одна находится на конце внутри, другая — на конце снаружи. Обе ручки легко перемещаются, сворачивая и разворачивая спираль (как бы «продолжая» её, меняя количество витков). Горячие клавиши:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Внешняя ручка:</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+смещение</flowSpan> для изменения размера/поворота вокруг центра (нет сворачивания/разворачивания).</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> оставит неизменным радиус во время разворачивания/сворачивания.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Внутренняя ручка:</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> по вертикали для схождения/расхождения.</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> для сброса расхождения.</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> для смещения внутренней ручки к центру.</flowPara>
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<flowPara ><flowSpan font-style="italic">Нелинейность</flowSpan> спирали — это мера расхождения витков. Когда нелинейность равна 1, спираль однообразная; когда меньше единицы (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> вверх) — спираль плотнее к окружности; когда больше единицы (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> вниз) — спираль плотнее к центру:</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Максимальное количество витков спирали равно 1024.</flowPara>
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<flowPara >Как инструмент для создания эллипсов хорош для создания не только эллипсов, но и дуг (линий неизменной кривизны), так и инструмент для создания спиралей полезен для создания кривых со <flowSpan font-style="italic">слабо меняющейся</flowSpan> кривизной. Сравнивая обычные кривые Безье с дугами или спиралями, можно отметить, что последние более удобны, потому что вы можете укорачивать или удлинять их, смещая ручку по линии изгиба без искажения общей формы. А ещё вы можете получить интересный эффект, нарисовав обычную спираль, убрав обводку и добавив заливку.</flowPara>
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<tspan y="7513.783122400001" x="10">Заключение</tspan>
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<flowPara >Инструменты для работы с фигурами в Inkscape обладают огромный потенциалом. Изучите их особенности и применяйте их в своё удовольствие — это вам пригодится в творческой работе, потому что использование фигур вместо обычных контуров зачастую делает векторные работы быстро выполнимыми и более легко изменяемыми. Если у вас есть какие-либо идеи по дальнейшему улучшению инструментов фигур, не стесняйтесь сообщить о них разработчикам.</flowPara>
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